Changes in carbohydrate, nitrogen and organic acid distribution in grass preserved with sodium metabisulphite

Macpherson, H. T.; Wylam, Clare B.; Ramstad, S.

doi:10.1002/jsfa.2740081212

Cited by 17 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…This is not a valid argument since ammonia N is a measure of amino acid deamination (MacPherson et al, 1957). Thus, our findings give support to the theory that conventional indicators of silage quality may not always be indicative of its potential nutritive value (Mayne and Steen, 1990), particularly if protein status of silage is important in terms of animal production response, as indicated by the findings of Charmley and Veira (1990).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

“…Despite the long historical association of ammonia N content with the extent of proteolysis in silage (McDonald et al, 1991), statistical analysis indicated that there was a poor coaelation between ammonia N concentration and FILP content It is generally considered that low concentrations of ammonia N (<100 g kg"' total N) indicate low levels of proteolysis. This is not a valid argument since ammonia N is a measure of amino acid deamination (MacPherson et al, 1957). Thus, our findings give support to the theory that conventional indicators of silage quality may not always be indicative of its potential nutritive value (Mayne and Steen, 1990), particularly if protein status of silage is important in terms of animal production response, as indicated by the findings of Charmley and Veira (1990).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 45%

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The effect of additives on the ensilage of forage of differing perennial ryegrass and white clover content

Cussen

Merry²,

Williams³

et al. 1995

Grass and Forage Science

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Pure perennial ryegra.ss or perennial ryegra.ss / white clover mixture.^ (70:30 and 40:60 on a fresh-matter basis) were ensiled in laboratory .silo.s either untreated or alter treatment with freshly cultured Uictobucillus (Lh,) plantarum or freshly cultured Lb, plantarum plus Lactococcus (Lc,) lactis. freezedried Lb, plantarum or freeze-dried Lb, plantarum plus sodium formate, sodium formate or formic acid. The effect of these additives on silage fermentation characteristics and quality of the resultant silages wa.s examined. There were .significant interactions between treatments and herbages for all silage quality parameters measured, except for acetic acid concentration. The influence of additives on the final pH of all silages was small but statistically significant. Lactic acid concentration was not directly related to herbage mixture, overall mean values ranging from 118 to 120 ± 1.5 g kg"' dry matter (DM), but wider variation was .seen between treatments for individual herbage mixtures. Acetic acid concentrations were significantly (P<0 001) affected by herbage mixture ensiled, increasing linearly as clover content increased from zero to 60%. Untreated control and formic acid-treated silages contained significantly (f<0 001) higher acetic acid concentrations than those treated with other additives. Silage ammonia N concentrations were significantly (/'<0 001) influenced by herbage mixture. Lowest ammonia N concentrations (< 50 g kg'' DM) were observed in silages that had been treated with formic acid, freshly cultured Lb, plantarum or Lb. plantarum plus Lc, lactis. The fraction I leaf protein (FILP) contents of silages were significantly (P<000\) affected by both treatment and herbage mixture, with consistently and significantly higher values found in freshly cultured inoculant-treated silages. A poor correlation (r^ = 0-12) exi.sted between ammonia N and FILP in all silages. The inclusion of up to 60% white clover in the ensiled herbage did not adversely affect final silage quality. However, additive treatment markedly influenced the residual FILP content of silages, those treated with freshly cultured inoculants having the highest values.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 45%

The effect of additives on the ensilage of forage of differing perennial ryegrass and white clover content

Cussen

Merry²,

Williams³

et al. 1995

Grass and Forage Science

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“…Volatile-N increased soon after baling or stacking (W, 1960; A and SA, 1961), and was correlated with actinomycetes growing a t 60' and with bacteria growing a t 60". In silage, extensive ammonia production usually occurs only in the presence of micro-organisms (Kemble, 1956;Macpherson et al 1957), but Brady (1960but Brady ( , 1961 reported that plant enzymes produced some ammonia.…”

Section: P H Gregory and Othersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial and Biochemical Changes during the Moulding of Hay

Gregory

Lacey

Festenstein

et al. 1963

Journal of General Microbiology

124

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SUMMARYExperimental batches of hay were baled a t different moisture contents, and the microbial and biochemical changes studied by sequential sampling. The type of hay obtained could, in general, be related to the initial moisture content, and to the temperature subsequently attained. Good hays (about 16 yo moisture) heated little and contained a small but diverse microflora.Hays baled at about 25 oh moisture heated to about 45" and moulded, mainly with Aspergillusglaucus. Wet bales, with initial moisture contents of about $0 yo, became very hot (60°-650) and contained a large flora of thermophilic fungi, particularly Aspergillus fumigatus, Absidia spp., Mucor pusillus, Huinicola lanuginosa, and actinomycetes. During the initial heating period, which was correlated with a general rise in numbers of micro-organisms, particularly actinomycetes and bacteria, the acidity and volatile nitrogen increased. Later, when fungi and actinomycetes grew profusely, soluble sugars decreased rapidly and the pH value rose to 7-0 or above. Stacks of wet and dry hays were compared with bales made from the same hays. The wet stack developed a core of brown acid hay, containing many sporeforming bacteria but few fungi, surrounded by a layer of mouldy hay.

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“…Because ofthe difficulty involved in handling acids, there has been considerable interest in acid salts or acids in solid form, which are easier to handle. One of these additives is sodium metabisulphite and there is a good deal of information on its use (2,3,6,22,29). It can be very efficient as an additive, but it is subject to oxidation when oxygen is present in the mass and, being soluble, it is liable to seepage losses.…”

Section: Additives Which Inhibit Fermentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Silage‐making Techniques

Murdoch¹

1961

Grass and Forage Science

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One of the main problems associated with silage-making is the wastage which occurs through either the use of unsuitable silos or lack of care in filling the silo. The nutrient losses caused by waste can be very high, a fact which is seldom recognized, and it is imperative that wastage should be kept to a mlnimuifi. There need be very little side-waste when a container silo is properly filled, but surface waste is more of a problem, as applying and removing conventional sealing materials, such as soil or ground limestone, are laborious and costly. In many cases, however, the cost would be amply justified because of the quantity of silage which is wasted. Using plastic sheet as an airtight seal is a possible alternative, but it is not easy to ensure that it is completely airtight and the sheet is unlikely to be of use for more than one season. An increasing number of farmers are protecting their silage with permanent roofs, a practice which will lead to a general improvement in silage quality. Theoretically, however, the hermetically-sealed tower silo is ideal from the point of view of protecting silage. The cost of this type of silo and of the ancillary equipment required is prohibitive, and it remains to be seen whether a relatively cheap form of gas-tight silo can be evolved.In future it is likely that the recommendation to allow a temperature rise to 90-100°F in silage will be ignored, as results from a number of trials clearly show that there is no advantage in doing this. Continuous filling of the silo, rather than filling in layers and allowing the mass to heat up, will allow a greater quantity of herbage to be ensiled in a given time, thus making it easier to ensile the herbage at the correct stage of growth.In the past when an additive was used it was applied by hand, a very inefficient method of distribution. Silage-making has become highly mechanized, and it is likely that mechanical application of additives will become much more popular.The importance of the dry-matter content of the herbage being ensiled will be more generally recognized. There are many benefits in pre-wilting herbage before it is ensiled, and this treatment is well worth consideration. It is obviously undesirable to have a prolonged wilting period, and one technique which may be of some interest is cutting the crop with a flail-harvester, allowing it to wilt and then picking up with a harvester. Cutting with a harvester gives a very much increased drying rate of the herbage, and the double lacerating action of the harvester in cutting and picking up results in short material which is easily handled and consolidated.

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Changes in carbohydrate, nitrogen and organic acid distribution in grass preserved with sodium metabisulphite

Cited by 17 publications

References 14 publications

The effect of additives on the ensilage of forage of differing perennial ryegrass and white clover content

The effect of additives on the ensilage of forage of differing perennial ryegrass and white clover content

Microbial and Biochemical Changes during the Moulding of Hay

A Review of Silage‐making Techniques

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