Changes in Autobiographical Memory Specificity following Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Pharmacotherapy for Major Depression

McBride, Carolina; Segal, Zindel V.; Kennedy, Sidney H.; Gemar, Michael

doi:10.1159/000100003

Cited by 32 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Both what individuals recall and how individuals retrieve mnemonic information are of crucial importance for therapeutic work (Lemogne et al 2006;Parikh et al 2007;Zaretsky et al 2005;. Active ingredients of the therapeutic change in cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) encompass the alteration of retrieval style and retrieval mode (Lepage et al 2000) and the revision (shift) of the rememberer's (Tulving 2005) perspective (see also Alston et al 2013;Lemogne et al 2006;McBride et al 2007;Williams et al 2000).…”

Section: Mark Solmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Memory reconsolidation, emotional arousal, and the process of change in psychotherapy: New insights from brain science

et al. 2014

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Since Freud, clinicians have understood that disturbing memories contribute to psychopathology and that new emotional experiences contribute to therapeutic change. Yet, controversy remains about what is truly essential to bring about psychotherapeutic change. Mounting evidence from empirical studies suggests that emotional arousal is a key ingredient in therapeutic change in many modalities. In addition, memory seems to play an important role but there is a lack of consensus on the role of understanding what happened in the past in bringing about therapeutic change. The core idea of this paper is that therapeutic change in a variety of modalities, including behavioral therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, emotion-focused therapy, and psychodynamic psychotherapy, results from the updating of prior emotional memories through a process of reconsolidation that incorporates new emotional experiences. We present an integrated memory model with three interactive components -autobiographical (event) memories, semantic structures, and emotional responses -supported by emerging evidence from cognitive neuroscience on implicit and explicit emotion, implicit and explicit memory, emotion-memory interactions, memory reconsolidation, and the relationship between autobiographical and semantic memory. We propose that the essential ingredients of therapeutic change include: (1) reactivating old memories; (2) engaging in new emotional experiences that are incorporated into these reactivated memories via the process of reconsolidation; and (3) reinforcing the integrated memory structure by practicing a new way of behaving and experiencing the world in a variety of contexts. The implications of this new, neurobiologically grounded synthesis for research, clinical practice, and teaching are discussed.

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Section: Mark Solmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Memory reconsolidation, emotional arousal, and the process of change in psychotherapy: New insights from brain science

et al. 2014

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“…1. Thirty-five studies met inclusion criteria [2][3][4]5,6,8,[15][16][17][18]20,21,24,27,31,33,34,[40][41][42][43]45,46,[50][51][52][53][56][57][58][60][61][62]65,66]. Fig.…”

Section: Selection and Inclusion Of Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Blinding on the Outcomes of Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy for Adult Depression: a Meta-Analysis

et al. 2015

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BackgroundRandomized trials with antidepressants are often run under double blind placebo-controlled conditions, whereas those with psychotherapies are mostly unblinded. This can introduce bias in favor of psychotherapy when the treatments are directly compared. In this meta-analysis, we examine this potential source of bias.MethodsWe searched Pubmed, PsycInfo, Embase and the Cochrane database (1966 to January 2014) by combining terms indicative of psychological treatment and depression, and limited to randomized trials. We included 35 trials (with 3721 patients) in which psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy for adult depression were directly compared with each other. We calculated effect sizes for each study indicating the difference between psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy at post-test. Then, we examined the difference between studies with a placebo condition and those without in moderator analyses.ResultsWe did not find a significant difference between the studies with and those without a placebo condition. The studies in which a placebo condition was included indicated no significant difference between psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy (g = −0.07; NNT = 25). Studies in which no placebo condition was included (and patients and clinicians in both conditions were not blinded), resulted in a small, but significant difference between psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy in favor of pharmacotherapy (g = −0.13; NNT = 14).ConclusionsStudies comparing psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy in which both groups of patients (and therapists) are not blinded (no placebo condition is included) result in a very small, but significantly higher effect for pharmacotherapy.

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“…Broader therapeutic programs, such as Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (Williams, Teasdale, Segal, & Soulsby, 2000) or standard cognitive behavior therapy for depression (McBride, Segal, Kennedy, & Gemar, 2007) have, however, been found to increase memory specificity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reducing cognitive vulnerability to depression: A preliminary investigation of MEmory Specificity Training (MEST) in inpatients with depressive symptomatology

Raes

Williams

Hermans

2009

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

355

359

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Reduced specificity of autobiographical memory retrieval represents an enduring vulnerability factor for depression. The present study is a preliminary evaluation of a newly developed group-based intervention program to increase specificity of memory retrieval. The MEmory Specificity Training (MEST) was administered on a weekly basis for 4 consecutive weeks to 10 inpatients with depressive symptomatology. Whereas earlier studies found that memory specificity does not improve following treatment as usual, the present results showed that participants' retrieval style became significantly more specific following MEST. These results suggest that the MEST may offer a potential and promising intervention to tackle a core cognitive process involved in depression and depressive vulnerability.

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Changes in Autobiographical Memory Specificity following Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Pharmacotherapy for Major Depression

Cited by 32 publications

References 44 publications

Memory reconsolidation, emotional arousal, and the process of change in psychotherapy: New insights from brain science

Memory reconsolidation, emotional arousal, and the process of change in psychotherapy: New insights from brain science

The Effects of Blinding on the Outcomes of Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy for Adult Depression: a Meta-Analysis

Reducing cognitive vulnerability to depression: A preliminary investigation of MEmory Specificity Training (MEST) in inpatients with depressive symptomatology

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