Changes in amino acid and fatty acid composition during early development in cobia (Rachycentron canadum)

Abstract

An estimation of the utilization of endogenous nutrients from the yolk sac that occurs during embryonic and early larval development can be a valuable approach to studying the nutritional requirements of fish larvae. In this study, fertilized eggs, embryos (before the membrane, 24 hours after fertilization), newly-hatched larvae (0-d-old), and open-mouthed larvae (3-day-old, unfed rotifers) samples of cobia (Rachycentron canadum) were collected to determine the amino acid and fatty acid profiles. Crude protein composition varies significantly for cobia during the different stages of development. The total amino acids, except for lysine(Lys), histidine (His), methionine(Met), serine(Ser), and glycine(Gly), had no significant change in the early development stage (P > 0.05); the content of other six essential amino acids (EAA) and six non-essential amino acids (NEAA) was consistent with the changing trend of total essential amino acid. From hatching newly hatched larvae to open-mouthed larvae, except for Leu, Phe and Ser, decreased significantly (P<0.05). From the utilization rate of FAA, the utilization rate of Lys and Leu was the highest (60.26%) and (52.21%) in the embryonic and endogenous nutritional stages, respectively. The water content of the open-mouthed larvae of cobia was significantly higher than that of the fertilized eggs, embryos, and newly hatched larvae (P < 0.05). Three kinds of saturated fatty acids (SFA), five kinds of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), and eight kinds of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were detected in the dry samples of each developmental stage. Based on these results, juvenile cobia can thrive with a wide range of crude protein concentrations. Further refinement of commercial cobia production feeds would have beneficial consequences for economic and environmental concerns due to the positive impacts of optimizing the protein component as well as the ability to maintain the rapid growth rates. The results show that the larval development of cobia needs to consume large amounts of n3PUFA (especially DHA and EPA) to improve the larvae’s survival rate. Research methods will always have limitations when evaluating the relationship between early life nutrition interventions and well-being outcomes later in life. This study provides essential information regarding cobia larvae’s fatty acid requirements.

A Comprehensive Biochemical Characterization of Hybrid Grouper Larvae (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀ × Epinephelus lanceolatus♂) during Yolk-Sac Larval Development

“…Fat, as the major energy storage substance in fish eggs, serves not only as a crucial metabolic fuel during early fish development but also participates in organ and tissue formation as well as the regulation of life activities. Therefore, the contents of lipids and fatty acids play a vital role in the development and survival of larvae during the endogenous nutrition phase [44][45][46]. In this study, the main fatty acid composition of yolk-sac larvae of the pearl gentian grouper was found to be highest in C16:0, followed by DHA and C18:1n-9.…”

Effects of Bacillus halophilus on growth, intestinal flora and metabolism of Larimichthys crocea

“…It can improve the immune and antioxidant functions of animals and promote their growth and development [ 77 , 78 ]. Phenylalanine (Phe) is an aromatic amino acid that is necessary for fish growth [ 79 ]. In vivo , phenylalanine is mainly converted into tyrosine, which is the precursor of the thyroid hormones norepinephrine and epinephrine [ 80 ].…”