Changes in aggressive behavior during withdrawal from long-term marijuana use

Kouri, Elena M.; Pope, Harrison G.; Lukas, Scott E.

doi:10.1007/s002130050951

Cited by 138 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Nonetheless, clinicians have described the syndrome as one characterized by restlessness, anorexia, irritability, and insomnia and noted that it can last as long as 1 week to 10 days (Budney, Novy, & Hughes, 1999;Haney et al, 1999). One study recently demonstrated, using a laboratory measure of aggression, that long-term THC users, tested 3 and 7 days into abstinence, were significantly more aggressive than controls, their own preabstinence behavior, as well as their own behavior at Day 28 of abstinence (Kouri, Pope, & Lukas, 1999). Thus, it may well be the case that the greatest risk of violence from a user of THC is within the first week of an acute period of abstinence.…”

Section: Cannabismentioning

confidence: 99%

Drugs of abuse and the elicitation of human aggressive behavior

Hoaken

Stewart

2003

Addictive Behaviors

339

235

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The drug -violence relationship exists for several reasons, some direct (drugs pharmacologically inducing violence) and some indirect (violence occurring in order to attain drugs). Moreover, the nature of that relationship is often complex, with intoxication, neurotoxic, and withdrawal effects often being confused and/or confounded. This paper reviews the existing literature regarding the extent to which various drugs of abuse may be directly associated with heightened interpersonal violence. Alcohol is clearly the drug with the most evidence to support a direct intoxication -violence relationship. The literatures concerning benzodiazepines, opiates, psychostimulants, and phencyclidine (PCP) are idiosyncratic but suggest that personality factors may be as (or more) important than pharmacological ones. Cannabis reduces likelihood of violence during intoxication, but mounting evidence associates withdrawal with aggressivity. The literature on the relationship between steroids and aggression is largely confounded, and between 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and aggression insufficient to draw any reasonable conclusions. Conclusions and policy implications are briefly discussed. D

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Section: Cannabismentioning

confidence: 99%

Drugs of abuse and the elicitation of human aggressive behavior

Hoaken

Stewart

2003

Addictive Behaviors

339

235

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“…Analogous results were obtained in the ultrasonic vocalization emission test, which measures the number of stress-induced vocalizations emitted by rat pups removed from their nest . If confirmed in further behavioral models, these findings would suggest that inhibition of intracellular FAAH activity might offer an innovative target for the treatment of anxiety , which is also a feature of marijuana withdrawal (Kouri et al, 1999;Kouri and Pope, 2000;Budney et al, 2003).…”

Section: Behavioral Effects Of Faah Inhibitorsmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…The latter consists of a constellation of symptoms similar to those seen with nicotine withdrawal, which include irritability, sleep difficulty, decreased appetite, weight loss, and increased anger and irritability (Kouri et al, 1999;Kouri and Pope, 2000;Budney et al, 2003). There have been few pharmacological attempts to alleviate this syndrome (McRae et al, 2003), but one approach using oral D 9 -THC has recently shown significant promise (Haney et al, 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The endogenous cannabinoid system and the treatment of marijuana dependence

Piomelli

2004

Neuropharmacology

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“…Similar results were obtained in the ultrasonic vocalization emission test, which measures the number of stress-induced vocalizations emitted by rat pups removed from their nest. These results suggest that inhibition of intracellular FAAH activity may offer an innovative target for the treatment of anxiety [126], which is also a feature of marijuana withdrawal [50,51,127]. Forebrain sites that might be implicated in such actions include the basolateral amygdala, the anterior cingulate cortex and the prefrontal cortex, all key elements of an 'emotion circuit' that contains high densities of CB1 receptors [18,19].…”

Section: Stress and Anxietymentioning

confidence: 99%

Cannabis and endocannabinoid modulators: Therapeutic promises and challenges

Grant

Cahn

2005

Clinical Neuroscience Research

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The discovery that botanical cannabinoids such as delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol exert some of their effect through binding specific cannabinoid receptor sites has led to the discovery of an endocannabinoid signaling system, which in turn has spurred research into the mechanisms of action and addiction potential of cannabis on the one hand, while opening the possibility of developing novel therapeutic agents on the other. This paper reviews current understanding of CB1, CB2, and other possible cannabinoid receptors, their arachidonic acid derived ligands (e.g. anandamide; 2 arachidonoyl glycerol), and their possible physiological roles. CB1 is heavily represented in the central nervous system, but is found in other tissues as well; CB2 tends to be localized to immune cells. Activation of the endocannabinoid system can result in enhanced or dampened activity in various neural circuits depending on their own state of activation. This suggests that one function of the endocannabinoid system may be to maintain steady state. The therapeutic action of botanical cannabis or of synthetic molecules that are agonists, antagonists, or which may otherwise modify endocannabinoid metabolism and activity indicates they may have promise as neuroprotectants, and may be of value in the treatment of certain types of pain, epilepsy, spasticity, eating disorders, inflammation, and possibly blood pressure control.

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Changes in aggressive behavior during withdrawal from long-term marijuana use

Abstract: Our findings confirm previous reports of an abstinence syndrome associated with chronic marijuana use and suggest that aggressive behavior should be an additional component of this syndrome.

Cited by 138 publications

References 34 publications

Drugs of abuse and the elicitation of human aggressive behavior

Drugs of abuse and the elicitation of human aggressive behavior

The endogenous cannabinoid system and the treatment of marijuana dependence

Cannabis and endocannabinoid modulators: Therapeutic promises and challenges

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