Changes in AE9/AP9-IRENE Version 1.5

O’Brien, T. P.; Johnston, William R.; Huston, S. L.; Roth, C.; Guild, T. B.; Su, Y.‐J.; Quinn, R. A.

doi:10.1109/tns.2017.2771324

Cited by 23 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The AP8 model has been developed more than 40 years. While some other proton radiation belt models were developed later, such as CRRESPRO model, NOAAPRO model, SAMPEX model, and AP9 model (Ginet et al, 2013; Heynderickx et al, 1999; Huston & Pfitzer, 1998; Johnston et al, 2014; Meffert & Gussenhoven, 1994; O'Brien et al, 2018), the AP8 model remains as the most widely used proton distribution model available to specify the proton radiation belt environment due to its large valid space and spectrum ranges.…”

Section: Characteristics Of Proton Flux Variationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long‐Term Variations of >16‐MeV Proton Fluxes: Measurements From NOAA POES and EUMETSAT MetOp Satellites

Lin

Zhang²,

Zhang

et al. 2020

JGR Space Physics

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Based on the recalibrated data of >16-MeV proton omnidirectional integral fluxes obtained from NOAA POES and EUMETSAT MetOp satellites during the period from 1978 to 2014, solar cycle phase lags, the variations of proton radiation belt, and the relationships between trapped proton fluxes and F10.7 flux, cosmic ray, or sunspot number are investigated in detail. It is found that (a) the solar cycle phase lags between energetic proton fluxes and sunspot number are within 2.5 years, dependent on solar cycle, L m , B/B 0 , and proton energy; (b) at the magnetic equator, the ratios of the maximal to minimal values of 4-month smoothed monthly >16-MeV proton fluxes during the period from 1978 to 2014 increase and then decrease with increasing L m , showing the maximal value~11.24 at L m ¼ 1.15; and (c) at a magnetic field line with L m ≤ 1.15, the ratios of the maximal values in 1987 to the minimal values in 2002 for yearly >16-MeV proton fluxes decrease with increasing B/B 0 , while at a magnetic field line with L m ≥ 1.16, they increase and then decrease with increasing B/B 0 , and the maximal ratio for all magnetic field lines can reach above 20. An exponential equation with an offset is feasible to describe the relationship between the logarithm of >16-MeV proton fluxes and F10.7 flux. It can be readily used to improve the NOAAPRO model.

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Section: Characteristics Of Proton Flux Variationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long‐Term Variations of >16‐MeV Proton Fluxes: Measurements From NOAA POES and EUMETSAT MetOp Satellites

Lin

Zhang²,

Zhang

et al. 2020

JGR Space Physics

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“…Shows the photographs of a radiation-damaged PI sample taken immediately after irradiation with 90 keV mono-energetic electron flood gun to the dose of 5.6 × 10 7 Gy and a pristine PI control sample. This energetic dose is equivalent to that experienced by PI during approximately 8 years in GEO orbit [3,5,7]. The damaged sample has a deep brown color, which differs from the characteristic amber color of pristine PI.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Satellites at GEO are not spatially resolvable with ground-based optics, even with adaptive optics techniques. Therefore, the observable quantities are brightness, position, color [7] with mean solar wind values outside AE9 coverage from data collected by the Electron, Proton, and Alpha Monitor on the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE EPAM) [5,8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Space Plasma Interactions with Spacecraft Materials

Engelhart¹,

Plis²,

Ferguson³

et al. 2019

Plasma Science and Technology - Basic Fundamentals and Modern Applications

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Spacecraft materials on orbit are subjected to the harsh weather of space. In particular, high-energy electrons alter the chemical structure of polymers and cause charge accumulation. Understanding the mechanisms of damage and charge dissipation is critical to spacecraft construction and operational anomaly resolution. Energetic particles in space plasma break molecular bonds in polymers and create radicals that can act as space charge traps. These electron-induced chemical changes also result in changes to the spectral absorption profile of polymers on orbit. Radicals react over time, either recreating identical bonds to those in the pristine material, leading to material recovery, or creating new bonds, resulting in a new material with new physical properties. Lack of knowledge about this dynamic aging is a major impediment to accurate modeling of spacecraft behavior over its mission life. This chapter first presents an investigation of the chemical and physical properties of polyimide films (PI, Kapton-H ®) during and after irradiation with high-energy (90 keV) electrons. Second, the deleterious effects of space plasma on a spacecraft component level are presented. The results of this physical/chemical collaboration demonstrate the correlation of chemical changes in PI with the dynamic nature of spacecraft material aging.

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“…Kapton has been utilized for the spacecraft industry starting in the 1970s, and several attempts to summarize changes in its material properties, among those of other dielectrics, after interaction [22] for trapped electrons and protons, ACE EPAM data [22,23] for untrapped solar wind electrons, and the Xapsos model [24] for untrapped protons, with approximate geomagnetic cutoffs in solar proton access based on [25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Radiation-Induced Effects in Polyimide

Plis¹,

Engelhart²,

Cooper

et al. 2019

Applied Sciences

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Polyimide (PI, Kapton-H®) films are widely utilized in the spacecraft industry for their insulating properties, mechanical durability, light weight, and chemical resistance to radiation. Still PI materials remain exposed to a combination of high-energy electrons, protons, and ultraviolet (UV) photons, particles primarily responsible for radiation-induced damage in geosynchronous Earth orbit (GEO), which drastically change PI’s properties. This work reviews the effect of electron, proton, and UV photon irradiation on the material properties (morphology, absorption, mechanical properties, and charge transport) of PI. The different damaging mechanisms and chemical consequences that drive changes in the material properties of PI caused by each individual kind of irradiation will be discussed in detail.

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Changes in AE9/AP9-IRENE Version 1.5

Cited by 23 publications

References 16 publications

Long‐Term Variations of >16‐MeV Proton Fluxes: Measurements From NOAA POES and EUMETSAT MetOp Satellites

Long‐Term Variations of >16‐MeV Proton Fluxes: Measurements From NOAA POES and EUMETSAT MetOp Satellites

Space Plasma Interactions with Spacecraft Materials

Review of Radiation-Induced Effects in Polyimide

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