Changes associated with pregnancy and lactation in some extra–reproductive organs of the ewe

Fell, B. F.; Campbell, Rosa M.; Mackie, W. S.; Weekes, T. E. C.

doi:10.1017/s0021859600025752

Cited by 62 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(24 reference statements)

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“…These results are consistent with those from other studies that have reported that increased DM intake is associated with gut hypertrophy (Fell et al 1972;Fell and Weekes 1975). Significant increases in GIT mass with increased level of feed intake have been reported, and these have been associated with increases in some or all of the components of the stomach complex and the small intestine in lambs (Burrin et al 1990) and steers (Johnson et al 1987).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…These results are consistent with those from the current study, and we can surmise that the relative weights of GIT components, even though they were not calculated in the present study, responded to level of feed intake similarly to absolute weights. Dietary composition also had a significant effect on weights of GIT components, with steers fed diets O and A having consistently heavier GIT component weights compared to those fed diet S. This increase may be partly due to the significantly higher DM intake of steers fed diets O and A compared to those fed diet S. This could have resulted in increases in visceral organ mass as has been reported elsewhere (Fell et al 1972;Fell and Weekes 1975). Additionally, steers fed diet S had the highest NDF intakes compared to those fed diets O and A, and this could have resulted in a lower GIT diet digestibility (Glenn et al 1989;Prigge et al 1990) and, presumably, reduced feed intake due to gut fill.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

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Quantification of energy expenditures of the gastrointestinal tract of steers fed three diets at two levels of intake

Kelly¹,

Mutsvangwa²,

Milligan³

et al. 2001

Can. J. Anim. Sci.

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. W. 2001. Quantification of energy expenditures of the gastrointestinal tract of steers fed three diets at two levels of intake. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 81: 533-540. Forty eight yearling Holstein steers [257 ± 7.7 kg body weight (BW)] were fed switchgrass hay plus 10% soybean meal (diet S), orchard grass silage (diet O) and alfalfa silage (diet A) at 65 or 90 g DM kg -0.75 BW for 155 to 164 d in a 2 × 3 factorial experiment designed to evaluate the effects of dietary composition and level of feed intake on patterns of O 2 consumption in gastrointestinal tract (GIT) tissues. At the end of the growth period, steers were stunned, exsanguinated and eviscerated. The various GIT components were then emptied of their contents and weighed. Ventral sac rumen, jejunal and large intestinal tissue samples were quickly acquired and placed in oxygenated M199 media. Mucosa and muscularis weights of these tissues were determined along with their total O 2 (TO 2 ), ouabain-sensitive O 2 (OSO 2 ) and ouabain-insensitive O 2 (OIO 2 ) consumption. Oxygen consumption parameters were determined polarographically using a YSI Clark-style electrode. Total weights of rumen (P < 0.001), small intestine (P < 0.001) and large intestine (P < 0.05) were higher in steers fed the high level of intake compared to those fed the low level of feed intake. In all GIT tissues studied, increasing the level of feed intake (P <0.05) elevated mucosa and muscularis dry weights. Steers fed diet S had lower (P < 0.05) GIT tissue weights compared to those fed diets O and A. Weight-specific (i.e., expressed per unit tissue weight) TO 2 , OSO 2 and OIO 2 consumption for rumen, small intestine and large intestine were not affected by dietary composition and level of feed intake (P > 0.05), except for OSO 2 consumption, which was higher (P < 0.05) in ruminal mucosa of steers fed diets S and A compared to those fed diet O. It is concluded that level of feed intake and dietary composition altered GIT O 2 consumption via changes in visceral organ mass, rather than changes in weight-specific O 2 consumption. Quarante-huit bouvillons Holstein d'un an (257 ± 7,7 kg de poids corporel) ont reçu du foin de panic raide et 10 % de tourteau de soja (ration S), de l'ensilage de dactyle pelotonné (ration P) et de l'ensilage de luzerne (ration L) à raison de 65 ou de 90 g de matière sèche par trois quarts de kilo de poids corporel durant 155 à 164 jours dans le cadre d'un essai factoriel 2 × 3 conçu pour évaluer les effets de la composition du régime et de la prise alimentaire sur la consommation d'oxygène par les tissus du système digestif. Au terme de leur croissance, les animaux ont été abattus, puis vidés de leur sang et de leurs viscères. Les organes du système digestif ont ensuite été vidés de leur contenu et pesés. Des échantillons de tissu ont rapidement été prélevés du sac ventral du rumen, du jéjunum et du gros intestin puis mis en culture sur milieu M199 oxygéné. On a déterminé le poids de la muqueuse et du muscle des tissus ainsi que leur consommation totale d'oxygène ...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

Quantification of energy expenditures of the gastrointestinal tract of steers fed three diets at two levels of intake

Kelly¹,

Mutsvangwa²,

Milligan³

et al. 2001

Can. J. Anim. Sci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…†The following assumptions were made, or taken from Fell et al (1972), Frandson (1986), Agricultural and Food Research Council (1993) and Klasing & Calvert (1999): lymph represents 10% total blood volume, packed cell volume of blood is 0·33, blood volume is 8% body weight, immune cells weigh 2 × 10 −10 g and contain 18% protein, half-life of IgA and lymphocytes is 7 d, half-life of mucosal mast cells is 1·5 d, efficiency for protein synthesis is 0·85, plasma contains 60-75 g protein/l, abomasum volume is 1·4 litres, abomasal folds and glands increase the abomasal surface by a factor of 10, the abomasum weighs 250 g of which 20% is mucosa.…”

Section: Metabolisable Protein Requirement For Expression Of Immunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrient partitioning between reproductive and immune functions in animals

2001

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The physiological processes that underlie the reproductive cycle impose considerable metabolisable protein (MP) demands on a female, especially during the periparturient period. When MP supply falls short of MP demand (i.e. MP becomes scarce), certain, if not all, bodily functions are expected to be penalised. It has been proposed that partitioning of scarce MP is prioritised to reproductive rather than to immune functions. In other words, at times of MP scarcity, the penalty on expression of immunity would be expected to be greater than that on reproduction. This hypothesis forms a nutritional basis for the occurrence of periparturient breakdown of immunity to parasites (BIP), which can be observed in many host-parasite systems.In the present review we explore this nutritional basis, using periparturient sheep infected with the abomasal nematode Teladorsagia circumcincta as an example, and attempt to quantify its occurrence. Evidence supporting the nutritional basis of periparturient BIP is reviewed, covering experiments in which nutrient supply (from both exogenous and endogenous sources) and/or nutrient demand were manipulated. Quantitatively, MP requirements for expression of immunity to T. circumcincta were estimated to be about 1 g/kg metabolic body weight (body weight 0·75 ) per d, approximately 5% of the maximum MP requirements of periparturient sheep. The major component of this requirement was assumed to be for replenishing irreversible plasma protein losses into the gastrointestinal tract. Although confirmation of this estimate is required, such estimates may be used to improve the known MP requirements of periparturient animals, enabling the extent and the consequences of periparturient BIP to be minimised. Nutrient partitioning around parturition: Immunity to parasites: Protein requirements of sheepBIP, breakdown of immunity to parasites; FEC, faecal egg count; Ig, immunoglobulin; MP, metabolisable protein

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“…Non-specific regulation refers to gross changes in absorptive function that are associated with long-term or homeorhetic changes in physiological state, such as pregnancy or lactation, and generally involves synchronous upregulation of all nutrient transporters ). For example, lactation and pregnancy are normally associated with increased intestinal transport capacity that is associated with increases in mucosal growth and in the absorptive surface area (Fell et al 1972;Hammond and Diamond 1994).…”

Section: Regulation Of Glucose Absorptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of intestinal glucose absorption: A new issue in animal science

Croom¹,

McBride²,

Bird³

et al. 1998

Can. J. Anim. Sci.

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, I. L. 1998. Regulation of intestinal glucose absorption: A new issue in animal science. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 78: 1-13. Intestinal glucose absorption occurs via Na + -dependent glucose cotransporters (SGLT1) located in the luminal membrane of enterocytes and is driven by an electrochemical gradient maintained by Na + /K + ATPase located on the basolateral membrane. Twenty percent of whole animal energy expenditures can be accounted for by the gastrointestinal tract, most of which is the result of Na + /K + ATPase function. Active intestinal glucose transport is regulated by a number of gastrointestinal peptides such as epidermal growth factor (EGF) and peptide YY (PYY). PYY and EGF can upregulate intestinal glucose absorption by as much as 200-300%. Of special interest is the fact that the energetic costs of intestinal tissue function can vary in relationship to the amount of glucose transported. This value termed "apparent energetic efficiency of glucose uptake" (APEE) may be of value in evaluating the energetic costs of glucose and other nutrients during various physiological and nutritional states. Recent studies suggest that intensive genetic selection for production traits in poultry may result in intestinal absorption being rate-limiting for full phenotypic expression of these traits. Further research is needed to clarify this issue.Key words: Glucose absorption, intestinal, energy metabolism, peptides, genetic selection Croom, W. J., Jr., McBride, B., Bird, A. R., Fan, Y.-K., Odle, J., Froetschel, M. et Taylor, I. L. 1998. Régulation de l'absorption du glucose dans l'intestin : un nouveau sujet de recherche zootechnique. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 78: 1-13. L'absorption du glucose dans l'intestin se fait par des transporteurs de type SGLT1 situés dans la membrane luminale des entérocytes et est activitée par un gradiant électrochimique maintenu par la Na + /K + ATPase située sur la membrane basolatérale. Vingt pour cent des dépenses en énergie de l'animal proviennent du tractus gastrointestinal et la quasi-totalité résultent de l'activité de la Na + /K + ATPase. Le transport actif du glucose dans l'intestin est modulé par un certain nombre de peptides gastrointestinaux comme le facteur de croissance épidermique (EGF) et le peptides YY (PYY). Ces deux derniers peuvent activer l'absorption de glucose dans l'intestin jusqu'à concurrence de 200 à 300 %. Particulièrement intéressant est le fait que les coûts énergétiques de l'activité des tissus intestinaux peuvent varier selon la quantité de glucose transportée. Cette valeur désignée par le terme "efficience énergétique apparente de l'absorption du glucose (APEE)" peut être utile pour évaluer les coûts énergétiques du glucose et d'autres nutriments durant divers états physiologiques et nutritionnels de l'animale. Les recherches récentes indiquent qu'une sélection génétique intensive axée sur les caractères de production en aviculture peut faire que l'absorption intestinale devienne un facteur limitant pour la pleine expression phénotypique de ces caractères. Cette que...

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Changes associated with pregnancy and lactation in some extra–reproductive organs of the ewe

Cited by 62 publications

References 21 publications

Quantification of energy expenditures of the gastrointestinal tract of steers fed three diets at two levels of intake

Quantification of energy expenditures of the gastrointestinal tract of steers fed three diets at two levels of intake

Nutrient partitioning between reproductive and immune functions in animals

Regulation of intestinal glucose absorption: A new issue in animal science

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