Change in the Indonesian Throughflow with the climatic shift of 1976/77

Wainwright, Lana; Meyers, Gary; Wijffels, Susan E.; Pigot, Lidia

doi:10.1029/2007gl031911

Cited by 52 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 22 publications

(46 reference statements)

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“…The weakening trend of the ITF from 1960s to 1990s was attributed to weakened Pacific trade winds after the mid-1970 climate regime shift (Wainwright et al 2008;Liu et al 2010). Since the mid-1990s, the ITF transport appeared to have rebounded in response to the strengthened Pacific Walker Circulation in the negative phase of the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation ( Fig.…”

Section: The Itf Transport and Its Interannual And Decadal Variationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By comparing the IX1 XBT temperature records with historical observations back in the 1950s-1960s, there were subsurface cooling anomalies in the southern portion of the section after mid-1970s, which corresponding to a weakened ITF geostrophic transport compared with the early decades (Wainwright et al 2008). The weakening trend of the ITF from 1960s to 1990s was attributed to weakened Pacific trade winds after the mid-1970 climate regime shift (Wainwright et al 2008;Liu et al 2010).…”

Section: The Itf Transport and Its Interannual And Decadal Variationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Godfrey's Island Rule has also been used to explain the southward intensification of the Southern Ocean super-gyre circulation on multi-decadal time scale, including a strengthening of the East Australian Current flow through the Tasman Sea, due to a strengthening of the circumpolar westerly and a weakening of the mid-latitude westerly (Cai 2006). The Island Rule is able to capture some of the decadal/multi-decadal variations of the ITF (Wainwright et al 2008;Feng et al 2011;Zhuang et al 2013). The South China Sea throughflow and variability have also been explained by the Island Rule (Qu et al 2005;Wang et al 2006).…”

Section: Godfrey's Island Rulementioning

confidence: 99%

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The Indonesian throughflow, its variability and centennial change

et al. 2018

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The Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) is an important component of the upper cell of the global overturning circulation that provides a low-latitude pathway for warm, fresh waters from the Pacific to enter the Indian Ocean. Variability and changes of the ITF have significant impacts on Indo-Pacific oceanography and global climate. In this paper, the observed features of the ITF and its interannual to decadal variability are reviewed, and processes that influence the centennial change of the ITF under the influence of the global warming are discussed. The ITF flows across a region that comprises the intersection of two ocean waveguides-those of the equatorial Pacific and equatorial Indian Ocean. The ITF geostrophic transport is stronger during La Niñas and weaker during El Niños due to the influences through the Pacific waveguide. The Indian Ocean wind variability associated with the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) in many years offsets the Pacific ENSO influences on the ITF geostrophic transport during the developing and mature phases of El Niño and La Niña through the Indian Ocean waveguide, due to the co-varying IOD variability with ENSO. Decadal and multi-decadal changes of the geostrophic ITF transport have been revealed: there was a weakening change from the mid-1970s climate regime shift followed by a strengthening trend of about 1Sv every 10 year during 1984-2013. These decadal changes are mostly due to the ITF responses to decadal variations of the trade winds in the Pacific. Thus, Godfrey's Island Rule, as well as other ITF proxies, appears to be able to quantify decadal variations of the ITF. Climate models project a weakening trend of the ITF under the global warming. Both climate models and downscaled ocean model show that this ITF weakening is not directly associated with the changes of the trade winds in the Pacific into the future, and the reduction of deep upwelling in the Pacific basin is mainly responsible for the ITF weakening. There is a need to amend the Island Rule to take into account the contributions from the overturning circulation which the current ITF proxies fail to capture. The implication of a weakened ITF on the Indo-Pacific Ocean circulation still needs to be assessed.

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Section: The Itf Transport and Its Interannual And Decadal Variationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Itf Transport and Its Interannual And Decadal Variationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Godfrey's Island Rulementioning

confidence: 99%

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The Indonesian throughflow, its variability and centennial change

et al. 2018

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“…One key component linking ENSO and the ITF transport is the equatorial Pacific zonal winds, which are highly correlated to both the ITF transport (r ' 0.7) and Niñ o-3.4 Wainwright et al 2008;Feng et al 2010). In the model, the ENSO amplitude tends to be weaker and of higher frequency during the multidecadal epochs of weak trade winds and ITF transport (Figs.…”

Section: B Itf-enso Connection In Itf Openmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of the Indonesian Throughflow on ENSO Dynamics in a Coupled Climate Model

et al. 2011

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The effects of the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) on ENSO dynamics are studied in a coupled climate model by comparing two simulations, one with an open ITF and the other with a closed ITF. Closing the ITF results in an El Niñ o-like climate state in the Pacific, which is characterized by weakened trade winds, a flatter equatorial thermocline, and weaker equatorial upwelling. A weakened South Equatorial Current allows the western Pacific warm pool to extend eastward, thereby reducing the zonal temperature gradient along the equator. The interdecadal component of the ENSO-like variability collapses, although the interannual variability is maintained. The core region of the ENSO SST anomalies becomes confined farther east. This results from Bjerknes feedback processes that are shifted eastward. This study conducts an analysis utilizing the Bjerknes coupled stability index as formulated by Jin et al. and finds that the relative importance of the thermocline feedback is enhanced in the closed ITF experiment. This indicates a more prominent ENSO thermocline mode, thus explaining the existence of more prevalent eastward-propagating anomalies. A weaker zonal advective feedback due to the reduced mean zonal temperature gradient contributes to the dominance of the thermocline mode. The strength of the thermocline feedback itself is maintained by enhanced coupling between the zonal wind stress and the east-west thermocline slope. However, an increased thermal damping by air-sea heat flux dominates the overall ENSO feedback process.

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“… Measure the seasonal, interannual, and decadal variation of volume transport of major ocean currents [19], [20], [21] and [22].…”

Section: Frequently Repeated Transectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Ship of Opportunity Program

Goñi¹

2010

Proceedings of OceanObs'09: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society

105

124

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The Ship Of Opportunity Program (SOOP) is an international World Meteorological Organization (WMO)-IntergovernmentalOceanographic Commission (IOC) program that addresses both scientific and operational goals to contribute to building a sustained ocean observing system. The SOOP main mission is the collection of upper ocean temperature profiles using eXpendable BathyThermographs (XBTs), mostly from volunteer vessels. The XBT deployments are designated by their spatial and temporal sampling goals or modes of deployment (Low Density, Frequently Repeated, and High Density) and sample along well-observed transects, on either large or small spatial scales, or at special locations such as boundary currents and chokepoints, all of which are complementary to the Argo global broad scale array. A multi-national review of the global upper ocean thermal networks carried out in 1999 [1] and presented at the OceanObs'99 conference recommended evolving from broad-scale XBT sampling to increased spatial and temporal transect-based sampling anticipating the implementation of the Argo float network and continued satellite altimetry observations. The objective of the present manuscript is to review the present status of networks against the objectives set during OceanObs'99, to present key scientific contributions of XBT observations, and to offer new perspectives for the future of the XBT network. The commercial shipping industry has changed in the past decade, toward fewer routes and more frequent changes of ships and routing impacting the temporal continuity of some XBT transects. In spite of these changes, many routes now have, in addition to XBT sampling, measurements from ThermoSalinoGraphs (TSGs), eXpendable Conductivity Temperature and Depth (XCTD), partial pressure of CO 2 , Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP), Continuous Plankton Recorders (CPR), marine meteorology, fluorescence, and radiometer sensors. In addition, recent studies of the XBT fall rate are being evaluated

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Change in the Indonesian Throughflow with the climatic shift of 1976/77

Cited by 52 publications

References 22 publications

The Indonesian throughflow, its variability and centennial change

The Indonesian throughflow, its variability and centennial change

The Role of the Indonesian Throughflow on ENSO Dynamics in a Coupled Climate Model

The Ship of Opportunity Program

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