Change in susceptibility response of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) to organophosphate insecticide and Copaifera oleoresin

Gradual reduction of susceptibility and enhanced detoxifying enzyme activities of laboratory-reared Aedes aegypti under exposure of temephos for 28 generations

“…The extent of temephos use worldwide is also evident from the reports of resistant Ae. aegypti to temephos from across the globe [ 1 , 12 , 13 ]. Temephos acts as a covalent inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase, a central nervous system-associated enzyme that hydrolyzes the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.…”

“…This result in an abnormal accumulation of acetylcholine in the cholinergic synapses, which overstimulate the cholinergic system leading to hyperactivity, ataxia, paralysis, respiratory failure, and death [ [14] , [15] , [16] ]. As an efficient control agent, the use of temephos is extensive, which subsequently has led to resistance development in the exposed mosquito population [ 4 , 12 , 13 , 17 , 18 ].…”

“…Many chemicals (organochlorine, organophosphates, pyrethroid, carbamate, etc.) are being used, but the development of resistance by target mosquito renders these chemicals ineffective [ 12 , 19 , 20 ]. Resistance is a phenomenon whereby the toxicity of an insecticide gradually decreases and requires a higher concentration to kill the target pest populations on subsequent application.…”

“…Larvicidal potency of temephos is known, and that Ae. aegypti develop resistance upon continuous exposure has also been established [ 12 , 33 , 34 ]. However, a long-term toxicity assessment taking marker enzymes associated with metabolic resistance on Ae.…”