Change in subcutaneous adipose tissue metabolism and gene network expression during the transition period in dairy cows, including differences due to sire genetic merit

Abstract

Adipose metabolism is an essential contributor to the efficiency of milk production, and metabolism is controlled by several mechanisms, including gene expression of critical proteins; therefore, the objective of this study was to determine how lactational state and the genetic merit of dairy cattle affects adipose tissue (AT) metabolism and mRNA expression of genes known to control metabolism. Animals of high (HGM) and low genetic merit (LGM) were fed to requirements, and weekly dry matter intake, milk production, blood glucose, and nonesterified fatty acids were measured. Subcutaneous AT biopsies were collected at -21, 7, 28 and 56 d in milk (DIM). The mRNA expression of genes coding for lipogenic enzymes [phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (soluble) (PCK1), fatty acid synthase (FASN), diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2), and stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase (SCD)], transcription regulators [peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARG), thyroid hormone responsive (THRSP), wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 10B (WNT10B), sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1 (SREBF1), and adiponectin (ADIPOQ)], lipolytic enzymes [hormone-sensitive lipase (LIPE), patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 2 (PNPLA2), monoglyceride lipase (MGLL), adrenoceptor β-2 (ADRB2), adipose differentiation-related protein (ADFP), and α-β-hydrolase domain containing 5 (ABHD5)], and genes controlling the sensing of intracellular energy [phosphodiesterase 3A (PDE3A); PDE3B; protein kinase, AMP-activated, α-1 catalytic subunit (PRKAA1); PRKAA2; and growth hormone receptor (GHR)] was measured. Dry matter intake, blood glucose, and nonesterified fatty acid concentrations did not differ between genetic merit groups. Milk production was greater for HGM cows from 6 to 8 wk postpartum. As expected, the rates of lipogenesis decreased in early lactation, whereas stimulated lipolysis increased. At 7 DIM, lipogenesis in HGM cows increased as a function of substrate availability (0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 8mM acetic acid), whereas the response in LGM cows was much less pronounced. However, the lipogenic response at 28 DIM reversed and rates were greater in tissue from LGM than HGM cows. Peak lipolytic response, regardless of DIM, was observed at the lowest dose of isoproterenol (10(-8)M), and -21 d tissue had a greater lipolysis rate than tissue at 7, 28, and 56 d. In HGM compared with LGM cows, stimulated lipolysis at 7 and 28 DIM was greater but peaked at 10(-7)M isoproterenol, suggesting differences in tissue responsiveness due to genetic merit. Regardless of genetic merit, the expression of lipogenic genes decreased markedly in early lactation, whereas those controlling lipolysis stayed similar or decreased slightly. Cows of HGM had lower expression of lipogenic genes after parturition and through 56 DIM. In contrast, the expression of most of the lipolytic enzymes, receptors and proteins was similar in all cows pre- and postpartum. These results confirm that gene transcription is a major control mechanism f...

Defining the Adipose Tissue Proteome of Dairy Cows to Reveal Biomarkers Related to Peripartum Insulin Resistance and Metabolic Status

“…This is in agreement with other studies reporting that proteins involved in lipid metabolism are mostly increased in adipose tissue in IR states. [11][12][13][14] The specific role of several novel proteins that were differentially expressed in the IR adipose of dairy cows is discussed below.…”

Subclinical hypocalcemia, plasma biochemical parameters, lipid metabolism, postpartum disease, and fertility in postparturient dairy cows

“…However, the degree of fat mobilization and whether the cow goes into a negative energy balance varies from cow to cow (Bell, 1995;Grummer, 1995;Goff, 2006;Khan et al, 2013;Rocco and McNamara, 2013;Weber et al, 2013). The hallmark of the dairy cow's negative energy balance is mobilizing fat from body stores as NEFA to utilize for energy.…”

“…Although McNamara and Hillers (1986) showed that cows with higher genetic merit for milk production mobilize more fat in early lactation, their study did not evaluate the influence of Ca status. More recently, Khan et al (2013) showed that basal and stimulated lipolysis were greater in high-genetic-merit cows at 7 DIM; however, by 28 DIM, no differences were observed when compared with low-genetic-merit cows. It is also possible that the milk production measures used in the present study (peak test-day milk yield and 305-d mature-equivalent 4% FCM) were not sensitive enough to detect subtle differences in production during early lactation.…”

“…Recent work has linked cow genetic merit for milk production to differences in lipid metabolism and, thus, lipid metabolism during the transition period seems to be not only a function of diet and feed intake, but also genotype (Khan et al, 2013;Rocco and McNamara, 2013). Peak plasma NEFA concentrations occur around the time of calving, with a gradual decline as feed intake increases after calving (Grummer, 1993;Ingvartsen and Andersen, 2000;LeBlanc et al, 2005).…”

Proliferation and apoptosis in subcutaneous adipose tissue of lactating cows with different genetic merit for milk yield

“…Diet composition and plan of nutrition, parity and milk yield strongly influence the extent of AT accumulation and losses and it has been observed that also genetic merit of the cow can influence the mobilization of fat depots (Sgorlon et al, 2015a). Adipose tissue mass is determined by balancing lipolysis, lipogenesis, and adipocyte proliferation (Della-Fera et al, 2001) and it is likely that genetic make-up of the animal regulates the nutrient fluxes among tissues and modulates the expression of genes which orchestrate the metabolism and the fate of adipose cells (Khan et al, 2013;Rocco and McNamara, 2013).…”