Introducing the new scholarship into institutions of higher education means becoming involved in an epistemological battle. It is a battle of snails, proceeding so slowly that you have to look very carefully in order to see it going on. But it is happening nonetheless.-Donald Schon (1995)A ccording to Schon (1995) "the new scholarship" implies "a kind of action research with norms of its own, which will conflict with the norms of technical rationality-the prevailing epistemology built into the research universities" (p. 27). The "battle" of snails that Schon refers to echoes the "paradigm wars" among "positivists," interpretiyists, and critical theorists, satirically described by Gage (1989) in the pages of Educational Researcher. While we believe • that practitioner research cannot be subsumed under any of Gage's three paradigms without doing it damage, our purpose in this article is not to argue for separate paradigm status. Nevertheless, we believe that the insider status of the researcher, the centrality of action, the requirement of spiraling self-reflection on action, and the intimate, dialectical relationship of research to practice, all make practitioner research alien (and often suspect) to researchers who work out of Gage's three academic paradigms. If anything, academic traditions of feminist and poststructural research might be more compatible with these characteristics.It is interesting to speculate on why metaphors of war and battles are evoked to discuss these epistemological debates. While it could be attributed to the academic version of "a guy thing," we think the association with violence has more to do with the ways these epistemologies are embedded in the very institutional structures of universities (i.e., human subjects review boards, tenure and promotion criteria, dissertation committees, etc.). These structures, in turn, create a kind of institutionalized violence that is used to protect the epistemological stances that underlie an institution's perceived legitimacy. Because the two are inextricably linked, our goal is to discuss how institutional and epistemological dilemmas are dialectically related. Cert mological stances will be more of a threat to institutions than others will, and institutional structures and politics will, to some extent, determine the epistemological stances that can be safely advanced.In this article, we will explore the ways institutions respond to ways of knowing that appear to threaten their legitimacy. We will discuss not only resistance within the academic community to legitimating practitioner research 1 , but also the threat that a view of professionalism based on rigorous inquiry by school practitioners represents to public schools as they are currently structured. A discussion is provided of what "rigorous" practitioner research might look like along with some tentative "validity" criteria for evaluating rigor. We will then explore how colleges of education are responding to an increasing crisis of legitimacy of their own model of knowledge creation and ...