Change Detection in Mosul Dam Lake, North of Iraq Using Remote Sensing and Gis Techniques

Abstract

This study was aimed to demonstrate the spatial changes of Mosul Lake using change detection Techniques. Water bodies, an integral part of the Earth's hydrological cycle, such as rivers, ponds, lakes, wetlands, and reservoirs, have a major effect on climate change and global warming. one of the most imperative vital activities in Iraq for the administration of its water resources is Mosul Dam Lake. The lake has changed in the water surface due to the severe anthropogenic activities, climate change, the monthly inflows received from the Tigris River, and the controlling of water imports by neighboring countries, and the territorial policy. Remote sensing techniques and Geographic Information System ArcGIS 10.3 software were used in the present study for processing the images and managing the database of each image were downloaded from the united states geological survey(USGS). Spectral Water indices, includes Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) and unsupervised classification were used to extracting water bodies and computing water area, the images difference technology was used to detect a different image and capture changes area for 20 years, the method has been applied to subsets of the Landsat series images that acquired during April in 2000, 2005, 2010,2015 and 2020. The results showed that there is an increase in the area of Mosul dam lake from its original area in 1986 which was 244 km2 in a rate of (15.1,31.14,13.11, and 20.9) % for periods (200,2005,2015, and 2020) respectively, and a decrease in water area with a rate of 7.78% for period 2010, that means the water surface area fluctuated over the period given, increasing and decreasing in the water surface. the minimum water surface area was recorded in 2010 of about 225 km2, whereas, the maximum area of the lake was found to be 320 km2 in 2005. the total average increasing and decreasing change detection were 25.4550174 and 19.7851824 km2 respectively.

Prediction Model of Air Temperature in Relation to Field and Remotely Sensed Data in Baghdad Greater Area

“…The significant value of LST can be due to the high percentage of Bare lands, built-up, and paved areas with impervious surfaces which affects the local climate and the Prevalent temperature, or it can be due to the lack of vegetation in large and connected areas which makes the bare and paved areas have the most significant effect on the microclimate [19,20]. The general linear model in Figure ( 4) reveals a significant relationship between the measured air temperature of the studied areas during the winter season of 2021 and the predicted values that were applied on the formula ( 5) of the multiple regression model to evaluate the model accuracy, as R 2 was 0.81 (P<0.01), this model describes the relationship among the spectral indices and the predicted air temperature as the air temperature affected by the vegetation cover, built-up, and bare lands as well as the water index [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. Also, the multiple regression analysis was applied on the spectral indices and the measured air temperature during the summer season of 2021 as revealed in table (7,8,9,10) .…”

Innovated Method to Estimate the Water Income in the Section of Tharthar Valley near the Site of Hatra Proposed Dam

“…There are no detailed hydrological studies to estimate the water income in the proposed dam site, and everything wrote about it, focus on some preliminary information dispersed within reports and regional studies, including a study [3], which stated some preliminary data on the annual discharge in several locations on the valley, [4] determine the reservoir of groundwater, and subdivided the basin to hydrological sub basins, [5] achieve a study on the investment of groundwater in Tharthar upstream area and its impacts on human activities, the morphometric properties of Tharthar upstream area studied by [6], the results used for the selection of proposed sites for the establishment of small dam. The mathematical model build by [7] to simulate the upper groundwater in the northern part of Tharthar basin, [8], divide the northern part of Tharthar valley basin to six subasins, and use the climate data to estimate the annual discharge of the basin, while [9] studied the hydrogeology and hydrochemistry of groundwater in Tharthar basin near Hatra area, and develop a mathematical model to simulate the hydrogeological conditions after the construction of the proposed dam, [10] studied the geotechnical properties of the rocks in the valley near Hatra city to evaluate their suitability for the construction of Hatra proposed dam, hydrochemistry of the valley studied by [1] and used as a criterion for the selection of suitable sites for the storage of water in the valley by small dams.…”

“…The discharge of Tharthar valley characterized by the instability between flood to another, and during the flood itself depending on the intensity of the rainstorm, and the area that covered by the rainstorm, the sustainability of rainfall (Duration), as well as difference in the time of arrival of flood wave (travel time) from the different locations of catchment area. The importance of hydrograph analyses for surface drainage basins, to know the rainfall density within the recharge area of the valley basin, to invest the water by water harvesting projects which contribute in the development of land use and land cover in the areas which suffer from shortages in this field [6]. The first flood wave began on (13/11/2012) and receded on (17/11/2012), and the data tabulated in table (5).…”

“…P), [19], the speed became zero on the bottom of the section (the valley bottom), so, the average velocity must be calculated and adopted in the calculations of discharge, the experimental studies suggested that the average flow velocity is on 0.6 of the total depth at the deepest point in a flow section [20]; [21], figure (6). The method that described in [20]; [19], modified to calculate the average velocity, 10 levels were selected to calculate the average velocity, the flow sections of these levels plotted, the value of the surface velocity used as velocity of upper contour line, and the zero value for the contour that in contact with the bottom of the valley (wetted perimeter), and then insert intracontour lines (between the lowest and highest contours), the values of flow velocity distributed between the contour lines, as in figures (7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16).…”

The Application of Geospatial Technologies in the Study of Vegetation Cover, Assessment and Comparison of Plant Diversity in the Al-Jadriyah Complex “University of Baghdad and Al-Nahrain”

“…The campus can be a good example of a small city referring to an institution designed for education, and as one of the most important open green urban spaces that face urban growth and its accompanying environmental problems such as global warming, pollution, climate change, human health...etc. [22][23][24] , stated that the physical environment of the campus is one of the main parameters and characteristics that affect students' attraction to higher education institutions. Several studies have been conducted on the imbalance between environmental requirements and students' response capabilities, but few studies have focused on the sustainability of the landscape of the outdoor spaces of the university campus, which is one of the most important encounters with environmental problems.…”