Change agents in Germany's energy transition: Role of the state of Schleswig‐Holstein in wind electricity development from the 1970s to 2009

Abstract

Energiewende (energy transition) has become a worldwide critical challenge. Unlike extensive literature that explains Germany's energy transition focusing on federal actors, this study analyzes the role of Schleswig‐Holstein in federal wind energy policy‐making. Schleswig‐Holstein was an economically poor state governed by the Christian Democratic Union from 1950 to 1988 and supported nuclear energy in the late 1970s and early 1980s. By integrating the notions of “leaders,” “pioneers,” and “entrepreneurs,” and exploring the relationship between these change agents and “followers,” this study elucidates a nuanced classification of actors. An examination of proceedings of the federal assembly, the second chamber, and the Schleswig‐Holstein state parliament revealed that Schleswig‐Holstein changed its role from a potential veto‐coalition player in the 1970s to a constructive pusher of repowering older windmills in the 2009 Renewable Energy Act revision. This study also highlights that leaders, pioneers, and entrepreneurs do not necessarily overlap and do capture different change agents.

Energy efficiency, housing, and economic policy

“…Besides the notion of policy entrepreneurs, which is commonly referred to in public policy research (Arnold, 2022;Harvey-Scholes et al, 2022;Petridou et al, 2021;Tang & He, 2023;Taylor et al, 2023), Liefferink and Wurzel (2017) have introduced the concepts of leaders and pioneers. In this EPA issue, Watanabe (2023) provides an in-depth analysis of wind energy policy-making within the context of the German energy transition ("Energiewende"). More specifically, the article analyzes the role of one particular state (Schleswig-Holstein) in the federal policy process, which has turned from a coalition veto player into a pioneer and contributes to an empirical account of the conceptual distinction between different types of change agents within this case example.…”