Chang’E-4 Measurements of Lunar Surface Temperatures: Thermal Conductivity of the Near Surface Regolith

Zheng, Wen Chao; Hu, Guangliang; Wu, Yunzhao; Jin, Qi; Li, Zhengmei; Li, Feng

doi:10.1109/tgrs.2023.3245191

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The CE-4 temperature data used in this study were obtained from February 27 to March 28, 2019 , which corresponding to a diurnal cycle at local time of the Moon, with a temperature variation range of 116.05-367.20 K. Taking into account the terrain's shading effect on sunlight [25], the lunar surface temperature in the CE-4 landing area was calculated. The computed sunrise and sunset times aligned with the measured temperature data, indicating that the measured data accurately reflects the temperature of the external surface of the installation site [28], [29]. The temperature data can be utilized to study the effect of the thermal environment on the surface temperature of the lander.…”

Section: B In-situ Measurement Of Physical Temperaturementioning

confidence: 64%

In Situ Measurements of Thermal Environment on the Moon's Surface Revealed by the Chang'E-4 And Chang'E-5 Missions

Liu,

Huang

2024

IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Observations Remote Sensing

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The thermal environment of the lunar surface is 1 of crucial importance for the lander thermal design and the 2 interpretation of scientific data. Clarifying the radiative sources 3 and intensity on the outer surface of the lander is one of 4 the key aspects of lander thermal design. The installation of 5 temperature sensors on the body of the Chang'e-4 (CE-4) and 6 Chang'e-5 (CE-5) landers has provided valuable opportunities 7 for quantifying the influence of lunar thermal conditions on the 8 surface temperature of the lander. In this study, we established 9 a temperature model for the near-surface regolith and a heat 10 transfer model based on the observations from sensors installed 11 on the body of the lander and auxiliary pillars. By integrating 12 factors such as the density of the lunar regolith, the thermal 13 conductivity of the lunar regolith, and the relative positions of 14 the temperature measurement points to the Earth and the Sun, 15 we conducted analyses on the temperature measurement data 16 for both CE-4 and CE-5, respectively. Our results indicate that 17 during the daytime of the Moon, the temperature of the lander's 18 surface is mainly influenced by solar radiation and the infrared 19 thermal radiation from the lunar surface. During the nighttime 20 of the Moon, the heat transferred outward from the inside of 21 the lander plays a key role in the temperature of the outer 22 surface of the lander. The lunar surface thermal environment 23 significantly affects the temperatures of both the shaded and 24 sunny sides of the lander, with its influence on the shaded side 25 even surpassing that on the sunny side. The lunar surface's 26 thermal environment directly impacts the stability and reliability 27 of the electronic components within scientific payloads. Our 28 results offer dependable lunar thermal environment parameters 29 for the design of scientific instruments on future lunar landers 30 and the deployment of instruments in their designated positions.

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Section: B In-situ Measurement Of Physical Temperaturementioning

confidence: 64%

In Situ Measurements of Thermal Environment on the Moon's Surface Revealed by the Chang'E-4 And Chang'E-5 Missions

Liu,

Huang

2024

IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Observations Remote Sensing

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“…Since 2007, nearly two dozen lunar orbiter and lander missions from a wide range of nations have brought renewed interest to the nature and diversity of the lunar surface (Crawford et al., 2012), with additional missions from China—Chang'e‐1 (Gong & Jin, 2012; Zheng et al., 2012), Chang'e‐2 (Fang & Fa, 2014; Zheng et al., 2019), Chang'e‐3 (Ding et al., 2021; Xu et al., 2022), Chang'e‐4 (Feng et al., 2022; Zheng et al., 2023), Chang'e‐5 (Che et al., 2021; Haupt et al., 2023; Zong et al., 2022)—the United States—Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (Paige et al., 2010; Tooley et al., 2010; Vondrak et al., 2010; Williams et al., 2017), LCROSS (Jordan et al., 2013; Luchsinger et al., 2021), GRAIL (Zheng et al., 2022; Zuber et al., 2013), LADEE (Cohen et al., 2019; Sharma et al., 2021)—Japan—Hakuto—and Korea—KPLO/Danuri—over the last few decades. These missions signal a heightened awareness of the need to understand the nature of the lunar surface beyond the regions sampled by Apollo (Cremers, 1971, 1975; Fujii & Osako, 1973; Horai et al., 1970, 1980; Morrison & Norton, 1970; Robie et al., 1970) and the Russian Luna robotic return missions (Bansal et al., 1972; Haggerty, 1977; Ivanov et al., 1973; Ma et al., 1979; Okabayashi et al., 2020) not only to understand both the geological diversity (Zhang et al., 2023) and history of the Moon (Che et al., 2021; Qian et al., 2021) but also to prepare the future exploration and exploitation of the materials (Ambrose, 2013; Badescu, 2012; Blutstein, 2021; Duke et al., 2006; McLeod & Krekeler, 2017; Sowers & Dreyer, 2019; Wager et al., 2022) on the lunar surface.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low‐temperature thermal and physical properties of lunar meteorites

Macke,

Opeil,

Britt

et al. 2024

Meteorit & Planetary Scien

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Lunar meteorites are the most diverse and readily available specimens for the direct laboratory study of lunar surface materials. In addition to informing us about the composition and heterogeneity of lunar material, measurements of their thermo‐physical properties provide data necessary to inform the models of the thermal evolution of the lunar surface and provide data on fundamental physical properties of the surface material for the design of exploration and resource extraction hardware. Low‐temperature data are particularly important for the exploration of low‐temperature environments of the lunar poles and permanently shadowed regions. We report low‐temperature‐specific heat capacity, thermal conductivity, and linear thermal expansion for six lunar meteorites: Northwest Africa [NWA] 5000, NWA 6950, NWA 8687, NWA 10678, NWA 11421, and NWA 11474, over the range 5 ≤ T ≤ 300 K. From these, we calculate thermal inertia and thermal diffusivity as functions of temperature. Additionally, heat capacities were measured for 15 other lunar meteorites, from which we calculate their Debye temperature and effective molar mass.

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YOLO-FR: A YOLOv5 Infrared Small Target Detection Algorithm Based on Feature Reassembly Sampling Method

Mou

Shuai

Zhou

2023

Sensors

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The loss of infrared dim-small target features in the network sampling process is a major factor affecting its detection accuracy. In order to reduce this loss, this paper proposes YOLO-FR, a YOLOv5 infrared dim-small target detection model, based on feature reassembly sampling, which refers to scaling the feature map size without increasing or decreasing the current amount of feature information. In this algorithm, an STD Block is designed to reduce the loss of features during down-sampling by saving spatial information to the channel dimension, and the CARAFE operator, which increases the feature map size without changing the feature mapping mean, is adopted to ensure that features are not distorted by relational scaling. In addition, in order to make full use of the detailed features extracted by the backbone network, the neck network is improved in this study so that the feature extracted after one down-sampling of the backbone network is fused with the top-level semantic information by the neck network to obtain the target detection head with a small receptive field. The experimental results show that the YOLO-FR model proposed in this paper achieved 97.4% on mAP50, which is a 7.4% improvement compared to the original network, and it also outperformed J-MSF and YOLO-SASE.

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Chang’E-4 Measurements of Lunar Surface Temperatures: Thermal Conductivity of the Near Surface Regolith

Cited by 3 publications

References 23 publications

In Situ Measurements of Thermal Environment on the Moon's Surface Revealed by the Chang'E-4 And Chang'E-5 Missions

In Situ Measurements of Thermal Environment on the Moon's Surface Revealed by the Chang'E-4 And Chang'E-5 Missions

Low‐temperature thermal and physical properties of lunar meteorites

YOLO-FR: A YOLOv5 Infrared Small Target Detection Algorithm Based on Feature Reassembly Sampling Method

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