Challenging conventional risk assessment with respect to human exposure to multiple food contaminants in food: A case study using maize.

Clarke, R. S. J.; Connolly, Lisa; Frizzell, Caroline; Elliott, Chris

doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.07.006

Cited by 28 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…Infants health may also be adversely affected due to the prolonged feeding on aflatoxin M 1 contaminated food i.e., milk, infant formulas and related products (Ismail et al , 2016; Kunter et al , 2016). The elevated levels of aflatoxin M 1 may also result in hepatocellular carcinoma, immunosuppression as well as teratogenic and mutagenic effects including impairment of kidney and liver (Afum et al , 2016; Clarke et al , 2015; Giolo et al , 2012; Zheng et al , 2013). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Aflatoxin M₁ and Heavy Metals in Infant Formula Milk Brands Available in Pakistani Markets

Akhtar

Shahzad

Yoo

et al. 2017

Korean Journal for Food Science of Animal Resources

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Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) after its bioconversion from aflatoxin B1 in animal liver becomes the part of milk while heavy metals get entry into milk and milk products during handling in the supply chain. Aflatoxin M1 and heavy metals being toxic compounds are needed to be monitored continuously to avoid any ailments among consumers of foods contaminated with such toxicants. Thirteen commercially available infant formula milk (IFM) brands available in Pakistani markets were analyzed for the quantitative determination of AFM1 and heavy metals through ELISA and atomic absorption spectrophotometer, respectively. AFM1 was found positive in 53.84% samples while 30.76% samples were found exceeding the maximum EU limit i.e. 0.025 μg/kg for AFM1 in IFM. Heavy metals lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) were found below the detection limits in any of the sample, whereas the concentrations of iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and nickel (Ni) ranged between 45.40-97.10, 29.72-113.50 and <0.001-50.90 μg/kg, respectively. The concentration of Fe in all the tested brands was found in normal ranges while the concentrations of Zn and Ni were found exceeding the standard norms. Elevated levels of AFM1, Zn and Ni in some of the tested IFM brands indicated that a diet completely based on these IFM brands might pose sever health implications in the most vulnerable community i.e., infants.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Aflatoxin M₁ and Heavy Metals in Infant Formula Milk Brands Available in Pakistani Markets

Akhtar

Shahzad

Yoo

et al. 2017

Korean Journal for Food Science of Animal Resources

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The scope of the current paper will be limited to activities that directly relate to eradication of mycotoxin contamination. It is proposed that these centers be key points for control of mycotoxins because the problem needs to be tackled at different points in maize value chain [38,41]. Although many agencies have proposed many great ideas to tackle mycotoxin contamination in maize, no single action can individually solve the complex problem, as it involves different points in the maize value chain (Figures 1 and 2).…”

Section: Role Of Lgpbs In Management Of Mycotoxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing Food Safety through Adoption of Long-Term Technical Advisory, Financial, and Storage Support Services in Maize Growing Areas of East Africa

2019

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Grain production and storage are major components in food security. In the ancient times, food security was achieved through gathering of fruits, grains, herbs, tubers, and roots from the forests by individual households. Advancements in human civilization led to domestication of crops and a need to save food for not only a household, but the nation. This extended need for food security led to establishment of national reservoirs for major produces and this practice varies greatly in different states. Each of the applied food production, handling, and storage approaches has its benefits and challenges. In sub-Saharan Africa, several countries have a public funded budget to subsidize production costs, to buy grains from farmers, and to store the produce for a specific period and/or until the next harvests. During the times of famine, the stored grains are later sold at subsidized prices or are given for free to the starving citizens. If there is no famine, the grain is sold to retailers and/or processors (e.g., millers) who later sell it to the consumers. This approach works well if the produce (mainly grain) is stored under conditions that do not favor growth of molds, as some of these microbes could contaminate the grain with toxic and carcinogenic metabolites called mycotoxins. Conditions that alleviate contamination of grains are required during production, handling, and storage. Most of the grain is produced by smallholder farmers under sub-optimal conditions, making it vulnerable to colonization and contamination by toxigenic fungi. Further, the grain is stored in silos at large masses, where it is hard to monitor the conditions at different points of these facilities, and hence, it becomes vulnerable to additional contamination. Production and storage of grain under conditions that favor mycotoxins poses major food health and safety risks to humans and livestock who consume it. This concept paper focuses on how establishment of a local grain production and banking system (LGPBS) could enhance food security and safety in East Africa. The concept of LGPBS provides an extension of advisory and finance support within warehouse receipt system to enhance grain production under optimal conditions. The major practices at the LGPBS and how each could contribute to food security and safety are discussed. While the concept paper gives more strength on maize production and safety, similar practices could be applied to enhance safety of other grains in the same LGPBS.

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“…The scope of the current paper will be limited to activities that directly relate to eradication of mycotoxin contamination. It is proposed that these centers be key points for control of mycotoxins because the problem needs to be tackled at different points in maize value chain [31,32]. Although many agencies have proposed many great ideas to tackle mycotoxin contamination in maize, no single action can individually solve the complex problem, as it involves different points in the maize value chain ( Fig.…”

Section: Role Of Lgpbs In Management Of Mycotoxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing Food Safety through Adoption of Long-Term Technical Advisory, Financial and Storage Support Services in Maize Growing Areas of East Africa

Mutiga¹,

Mushongi²,

Kang’ethe³

2019

Preprint

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Grain production and storage are major components in food security. In the ancient times, food security was achieved through gathering of fruits, grains, herbs, tubers, and roots from the forests by individual households. Advancements in human civilization led to domestication of crops and a need to save food for not only a household, but the nation. This extended need for food security led to establishment of national reservoirs for major produces and this practice varies greatly in different states. Each of the applied food production, handling and storage approaches has got its benefits and challenges. In sub-Saharan Africa, several countries have a public funded budget to subsidize production costs, to buy grains from farmers and to store the produce for a specific period and/or until the next harvests. During the times of famine, the stored grains are later given free to the citizens. If there is no famine, the grain is sold to retailers and/or processors (e.g., millers) who later sell it to the consumers. This approach works well if the produce (mainly grain) is stored under conditions that do not favor growth of molds, as some of these could contaminate the grain with toxic and carcinogenic metabolites called mycotoxins. Conditions that alleviate contamination of grains are required during production, handling and storage. Most of the grain is produced by smallholder farmers under sub-optimal conditions, which make vulnerable to colonization and contamination by toxigenic fungi. Further, the grain is stored in silos at large masses, where it is hard to monitor the conditions at different points of these facilities, and hence it becomes vulnerable to additional contamination. Production and storage of grain under conditions that favor mycotoxins poses major food health and safety risks to humans and livestock who consume the grain. This concept paper focuses on how establishment of local grain production and banking system (LGPBS) could enhance food security and safety in East Africa. The concept of LGPBS provides an extension of advisory and finance support within warehouse receipting system to enhance grain production under optimal conditions. The major practices at the LGPBS, and how each could contribute to food security and safety are discussed. While the concept paper gives more strength on maize production and safety, similar practices could be applied to enhance safety of other grains in the same LGPBS.

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Challenging conventional risk assessment with respect to human exposure to multiple food contaminants in food: A case study using maize.

Cited by 28 publications

References 75 publications

Determination of Aflatoxin M₁ and Heavy Metals in Infant Formula Milk Brands Available in Pakistani Markets

Determination of Aflatoxin M₁ and Heavy Metals in Infant Formula Milk Brands Available in Pakistani Markets

Enhancing Food Safety through Adoption of Long-Term Technical Advisory, Financial, and Storage Support Services in Maize Growing Areas of East Africa

Enhancing Food Safety through Adoption of Long-Term Technical Advisory, Financial and Storage Support Services in Maize Growing Areas of East Africa

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Challenging conventional risk assessment with respect to human exposure to multiple food contaminants in food: A case study using maize.

Cited by 28 publications

References 75 publications

Determination of Aflatoxin M1 and Heavy Metals in Infant Formula Milk Brands Available in Pakistani Markets

Determination of Aflatoxin M1 and Heavy Metals in Infant Formula Milk Brands Available in Pakistani Markets

Enhancing Food Safety through Adoption of Long-Term Technical Advisory, Financial, and Storage Support Services in Maize Growing Areas of East Africa

Enhancing Food Safety through Adoption of Long-Term Technical Advisory, Financial and Storage Support Services in Maize Growing Areas of East Africa

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About

Determination of Aflatoxin M₁ and Heavy Metals in Infant Formula Milk Brands Available in Pakistani Markets

Determination of Aflatoxin M₁ and Heavy Metals in Infant Formula Milk Brands Available in Pakistani Markets