Challenges to the Poultry Industry: Current Perspectives and Strategic Future After the COVID-19 Outbreak

Abstract

Poultry immunity, health, and production are several factors that challenge the future growth of the poultry industry. Consumer confidence, product quality and safety, types of products, and the emergence and re-emergence of diseases will continue to be major challenges to the current situation and the strategic future of the industry. Foodborne and zoonotic diseases are strictly linked with poultry. Eradication, elimination, and/or control of foodborne and zoonotic pathogens present a major challenge to the poultry industry. In addition, the public health hazards from consuming foods with high antibiotic residues will remain a critical issue. The theory of poultry production described in this review will not be limited to considering disease control. Rather, it will also incorporate the interconnection of the animals' health, welfare, and immunity. It is essential to know that chickens are not susceptible to intranasal infection by the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) virus. Nevertheless, the COVID-19 pandemic will affect poultry consumption, transport, and the economics of poultry farming. It will also take into consideration economic, ethical, social dimensions, and the sustenance of the accomplishment of high environmental security. Stockholders, veterinarians, farmers, and all the partners of the chain of poultry production need to be more involved in the current situation and the strategic future of the industry to fulfill human demands and ensure sustainable agriculture. Thus, the present review explores these important tasks.

Antibiotic Resistance Profiles and Molecular Mechanisms of Campylobacter From Chicken and Pig in China

“…Other authors have reported similar results, where all ciprofloxacin-resistant Campylobacter strains carried the same mutation (Woźniak-Biel et al, 2018;Elhadidy et al, 2020). Given the long-term use of tetracyclines in feed additives for livestock and poultry, large numbers of tetracycline-resistant isolates are found in animal reservoirs (Premarathne et al, 2017;Hafez and Attia, 2020). It has previously been reported that 95.6% of C. jejuni isolates from chickens, 97.5% of C. coli isolates from chickens and 97.5% of C. coli isolates from pigs in China were resistant to tetracycline (Wang et al, 2016).…”

“…With this increase in fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter, macrolides have become common drugs in treatment of campylobacteriosis (Luangtongkum et al, 2009). Macrolides, including tylosin, tilmicosin, tulathromycin, and tildipirosin, have been widely used in animal production in many countries (Poehlsgaard et al, 2012;McEwen and Collignon, 2018), and macrolide-resistant Campylobacter strains have been isolated in many regions (Kaakoush et al, 2015;Zhang et al, 2016) and from animals (Wang et al, 2016;Lim et al, 2017;Hafez and Attia, 2020). Tetracycline has also been extremely widely used in animal farming because it has broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, low cost, and excellent efficacy (Chopra and Roberts, 2001), and it may have cause high tetracycline resistance in Campylobacter from food-producing animals (Premarathne et al, 2017;Woźniak-Biel et al, 2018).…”

Impact of SARS-Con-V2 on the Poultry Industry in Kuwait: A Case Study

“…Although there are no reported cases of the corona virus transfer to chickens, optimizing the immune status of the birds in the farm is also a major priority to keep the health of the flocks at optimum to face any other outbreaks and infectious agents. This includes execution of a strict health program to avoid occurrence of viruses such as avian influenza or any other respiratory avian diseases (15,16). The elements of a good health program are good vaccination, disinfecting, cleaning, continuous monitoring, and pest control (1).…”

The Coronaviruses of Animals and Birds: Their Zoonosis, Vaccines, and Models for SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV2

“…Group 3 of CoVs contains viruses that infect a wide range of fowl species (37). IBV is a contagious virus causing high economic losses to the poultry industry (42). It spreads by aerosols because of its replication in the upper respiratory tract and the epithelial surfaces of the alimentary canal, as well as kidneys, gonads, and bursa, causing a dramatic drop in egg production (26,37).…”