Challenges to model the role of heterogeneities on the shock response and spall failure of metallic materials at the mesoscales

Using an Internal State Variable Model Framework to Investigate the Influence of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties on Ballistic Performance of Steel Alloys

“…The values of each column of [P] are selected such that the inner product between any two columns is zero, satisfying the orthogonality condition. To determine the parameter contributions to residual velocity, {A}, the inverse of the level matrix, [P], was multiplied by both sides of Equation (15). Since [P] is a non-square matrix of dimensions m × n = 25 × 6, where m (25) > n (6), the inverse of [P] is formulated as a left inverse matrix, that is,…”

“…A summary of seminal experimental impact results and discussions of basic penetration mechanisms is given in [1,2]. These studies characterize a number of plate impact perforation mechanisms as (1) fracture due to stress waves [3][4][5][6][7], (2) radial fracture behind a stress wave [5,[8][9][10][11], (3) spallation [9,[12][13][14][15][16][17], (4) shear plugging [13,[18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25], (5) petaling [19,[26][27][28][29][30][31][32], (6) fragmentation [9,[33][34][35][36][37][38], and (7) ductile-hole enlargement [39][40][41]…”

Spallation Characteristics of Single Crystal Aluminum with Copper Nanoparticles Based on Atomistic Simulations

“…It is of practical importance in virtually all applications involving rapid loading by explosives, impact, or energy deposition [2]. The predictive modeling of the experimentally observed behavior of metallic materials under shock loading conditions (wave structures, spall strengths) is a critical challenge toward the design of next-generation structural materials [3]. Earlier studies revealed that spallation is a complex multi-scale process [1,4], affected by many factors such as shock pressure [5], loading waveform [6], strain rate [7,8], temperature [9,10], and heterogeneity in the microstructure [11][12][13].…”