“…research results have played an important role in designing new drugs; optimizing drug administration schedules; improving drug dosage forms; and providing efficient, rapid, long-lasting, low-toxicity, and tolerable drugs with effects (Wang et al, 2024;Watanabe et al, 2024). For drug pharmacokinetic analysis, ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) is faster and provides a number of benefits over high-performance liquid chromatography-UV and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (Chen et al, 2024;Huang et al, 2022;Lin et al, 2022;Yu et al, 2021).…”