Challenges of Fast Charging for Electric Vehicles and the Role of Red Phosphorous as Anode Material: Review

Abstract

Electric vehicles (EVs) are being endorsed as the uppermost successor to fuel-powered cars, with timetables for banning the sale of petrol-fueled vehicles announced in many countries. However, the range and charging times of EVs are still considerable concerns. Fast charging could be a solution to consumers’ range anxiety and the acceptance of EVs. Nevertheless, it is a complicated and systematized challenge to realize the fast charging of EVs because it includes the coordinated development of battery cells, including electrode materials, EV battery power systems, charging piles, electric grids, etc. This paper aims to serve as an analysis for the development of fast-charging technology, with a discussion of the current situation, constraints and development direction of EV fast-charging technologies from the macroscale and microscale perspectives of fast-charging challenges. If the problem of fast-charging can be solved, it will satisfy consumers’ demand for 10-min charging and accelerate the development of electric vehicles. This paper summarized the development statuses, issues, and trends of the macro battery technology and micro battery technology. It is emphasized that to essentially solve the problem of fast charging, the development of new battery materials, especially anode materials with improved lithium ion diffusion coefficients, is the key. Finally, it is highlighted that red phosphorus is one of the most promising anodes that can simultaneously satisfy the double standards of high-energy density and fast-charging performance to a maximum degree.

PEO based polymer-ceramic hybrid solid electrolytes: a review

“…Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used in phones, computers and other mobile devices owing to their high specific energy, good capability, good cycle performance and environmentally friendly property [1][2][3]. Although traditional carbonate based liquid electrolytes have high ionic conductivity under normal temperature, the organic solvent contained has the potential danger of leakage and combustion, which may cause severe safety issues.…”

Challenges and Strategies for Fast Charge of Li‐Ion Batteries

“…At present, the industrial standard charging protocol for Li‐ion batteries is the constant current‐constant voltage (CCCV) scheme. Aiming to charge batteries quickly while maintaining health, a number of alternative charging protocols have been proposed . However, none of these protocols takes the specific chemistry of cells into account.…”

Design aspects of electrolytes for fast charge of Li‐ion batteries

“…In many cases, fast charge triggers Li plating at the graphite anode and structural degradation of the layered cathode material at the cathode. [1][2][3][4] Carbonate solvents are thermodynamically unstable with the plated Li metal and the activated oxygen intermediates released from degradation of the delithiated cathode materials at high state-of-charges. 5 Parasitic reactions of the electrolyte with plated Li and released oxygen deplete not only electrolyte solvents but also cyclable Li + ions.…”

“…Such batteries cannot rapidly accept charge without detrimental impacts on the performance and lifetime. In many cases, fast charge triggers Li plating at the graphite anode and structural degradation of the layered cathode material at the cathode 1‐4 . Carbonate solvents are thermodynamically unstable with the plated Li metal and the activated oxygen intermediates released from degradation of the delithiated cathode materials at high state‐of‐charges 5 .…”

“…All the above problems lead to low coulombic efficiency and accelerated performance fade. Therefore, fast charge has become one of the most critical challenges for the widespread adoption of electric vehicles compared with the rapid refueling of the conventional internal combustion engine vehicles 1‐4 . There is an urgent need for developing advanced electrolytes that can mitigate the fast‐charging related problems of the Li‐ion batteries.…”