Challenges of Application of Green Ammonia as Fuel in Onshore Transportation

Abstract

The main purpose of the article is to present a comprehensive and critical review of the challenges and risks associated with the use of green ammonia as an alternative fuel in land transport. The review is motivated by the clear trend toward phasing out fossil fuel vehicles and replacing them with emission-free alternatives. Topics covered include safety aspects such as safety of powering of vehicles, the production of green ammonia, the use of ammonia in the context of various fuel solutions (combustion engines and fuel cell engines), and the discussion of ammonia-powered vehicles in the context of air pollution. The paper offers new insights into identifying the challenges and obstacles that may arise in the case of the massive use of green ammonia as a fuel for land transport. In addition, the review presents the latest information on the technological readiness of the necessary infrastructure for the production, transport, storage, and utilization of green ammonia in internal combustion or electric engines.

Evaluation of constraints for investment in NOx emission technologies: case study on Greek bulk carrier owners

“…Studies investigating alternatives for NOx elimination have been carried out for road transport (Maurer et al, 2023;Rojas et al, 2023;Szczepa nski et al, 2023). The maritime sector is the only one that regulates the use of future fuels in geographical emission control regions, aiming for the reduction of NOx (Chorowski et al, 2023). However, the majority of these research studies focus on the technical feasibility of various NOx reduction technologies.…”

“…, 2023). The maritime sector is the only one that regulates the use of future fuels in geographical emission control regions, aiming for the reduction of NOx (Chorowski et al. , 2023).…”

Ammonia Combustion in a Spark-Ignition Engine Supported with Dimethyl Ether

“…One of the main disadvantages of ammonia as a fuel is its lower reactivity than conventional coal-based fuel, which complicates the combustion process and may negatively affect the emission of toxic and harmful exhaust gas components. Its relatively low calorific value (LHV = 18.8 MJ/kg), high heat of vaporization (HoE = 1370 kJ/kg), low laminar combustion speed (LFS = 0.015 m/s), high auto-ignition temperature (651 • C), and narrow flammability range (15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28) hinder the use of ammonia in piston engines [21]. These properties create problems in effective combustion in both compression ignition and spark-ignition engines.…”

“…The ignition delay period and combustion time are shortened, which has a positive effect on the engine's operating parameters. Chorowski et al drew attention to the problems of using ammonia as a fuel for road transport [15]. The authors draw attention to the dangerous side of ammonia, which is its poisonous nature, which requires the use of systems controlling its presence, and it is necessary to control unburned ammonia that escapes from the exhaust system.…”

High-Temperature Materials for Complex Components in Ammonia/Hydrogen Gas Turbines: A Critical Review

“…Ammonia's potential as an energy carrier is not entirely new, even if its adoption on a large scale is still emerging. During the Second World War, conventional fuel shortage led Belgium to power buses using ammonia [69]. A more avant-garde application came in the 1960s when the U.S.A. utilised ammonia as a fuel in the groundbreaking X15 aircraft [70].…”