Challenges in unconventional catalysis

Bogaerts, Annemie; Centi, Gabriele; Hessel, Volker; Rebrov, E.V.

doi:10.1016/j.cattod.2023.114180

Cited by 18 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 312 publications

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“…However, the resulting syngas still requires cleaning/tar elimination before it can be used for ammonia/ammonium carbamate production. As hydrogen is the limiting component in most applications, if needed, the whole syngas can be converted to hydrogen through a water-gas shift reaction (CO + H 2 O = H 2 + CO 2 ) [367]. (d) The pilot-plant size 50 kWe multi-oxidant up-down-draft fixed-bed gasifier benefits from in situ air separation using oxygen-selective membranes operating in the oxidation zone at the mean temperature of 1100 • C. The function of this type of membrane is not to completely separate air but to enrich the air oxygen concentration in order to increase the temperature of the oxidation zone in the catalyst for water injection and also to lower the nitrogen concentration in syngas so that it is suitable for direct ammonium carbamate and subsequently its conversion to anhydrous ammonia.…”

Section: Conclusion and Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, the comparison included various data on catalytic plasma NH 3 synthesis and it's in situ conversion to highly effective symbiotic-smart ammonia fertilizers. (b) A comprehensive review of unconventional catalysis by Bogaerts et al [367] indicated that in catalytic plasma ammonia synthesis, the lowest energy cost was 1.5 MJ/mol [371] and the outlet NH 3 concentration of 9.0 mol% (yield 17.1%) [69].…”

Section: Conclusion and Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(c) As concluded by Rouwenhorst et al [387], in order to prevent reverse reactions from taking place in the plasma space, the dissociation of N 2 and H 2 should take place on the catalyst surface. However, this is only possible in low-power DBD plasmas [367]. Therefore, porogenetically created plasma dust particles can generate low-power plasma space but have high catalytic activity on their surface.…”

Section: Conclusion and Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hydrogen, Ammonia and Symbiotic/Smart Fertilizer Production Using Renewable Feedstock and CO2 Utilization through Catalytic Processes and Nonthermal Plasma with Novel Catalysts and In Situ Reactive Separation: A Roadmap for Sustainable and Innovation-Based Technology

Akay

2023

Catalysts

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This multi-disciplinary paper aims to provide a roadmap for the development of an integrated, process-intensified technology for the production of H2, NH3 and NH3-based symbiotic/smart fertilizers (referred to as target products) from renewable feedstock with CO2 sequestration and utilization while addressing environmental issues relating to the emerging Food, Energy and Water shortages as a result of global warming. The paper also discloses several novel processes, reactors and catalysts. In addition to the process intensification character of the processes used and reactors designed in this study, they also deliver novel or superior products so as to lower both capital and processing costs. The critical elements of the proposed technology in the sustainable production of the target products are examined under three-sections: (1) Materials: They include natural or synthetic porous water absorbents for NH3 sequestration and symbiotic and smart fertilizers (S-fertilizers), synthesis of plasma interactive supported catalysts including supported piezoelectric catalysts, supported high-entropy catalysts, plasma generating-chemical looping and natural catalysts and catalysts based on quantum effects in plasma. Their performance in NH3 synthesis and CO2 conversion to CO as well as the direct conversion of syngas to NH3 and NH3—fertilizers are evaluated, and their mechanisms investigated. The plasma-generating chemical-looping catalysts (Catalysts, 2020, 10, 152; and 2016, 6, 80) were further modified to obtain a highly active piezoelectric catalyst with high levels of chemical and morphological heterogeneity. In particular, the mechanism of structure formation in the catalysts BaTi1−rMrO3−x−y{#}xNz and M3O4−x−y{#}xNz/Si = X was studied. Here, z = 2y/3, {#} represents an oxygen vacancy and M is a transition metal catalyst. (2) Intensified processes: They include, multi-oxidant (air, oxygen, CO2 and water) fueled catalytic biomass/waste gasification for the generation of hydrogen-enriched syngas (H2, CO, CO2, CH4, N2); plasma enhanced syngas cleaning with ca. 99% tar removal; direct syngas-to-NH3 based fertilizer conversion using catalytic plasma with CO2 sequestration and microwave energized packed bed flow reactors with in situ reactive separation; CO2 conversion to CO with BaTiO3−x{#}x or biochar to achieve in situ O2 sequestration leading to higher CO2 conversion, biochar upgrading for agricultural applications; NH3 sequestration with CO2 and urea synthesis. (3) Reactors: Several patented process-intensified novel reactors were described and utilized. They are all based on the Multi-Reaction Zone Reactor (M-RZR) concept and include, a multi-oxidant gasifier, syngas cleaning reactor, NH3 and fertilizer production reactors with in situ NH3 sequestration with mineral acids or CO2. The approach adopted for the design of the critical reactors is to use the critical materials (including natural catalysts and soil additives) in order to enhance intensified H2 and NH3 production. Ultimately, they become an essential part of the S-fertilizer system, providing efficient fertilizer use and enhanced crop yield, especially under water and nutrient stress. These critical processes and reactors are based on a process intensification philosophy where critical materials are utilized in the acceleration of the reactions including NH3 production and carbon dioxide reduction. When compared with the current NH3 production technology (Haber–Bosch process), the proposed technology achieves higher ammonia conversion at much lower temperatures and atmospheric pressure while eliminating the costly NH3 separation process through in situ reactive separation, which results in the production of S-fertilizers or H2 or urea precursor (ammonium carbamate). As such, the cost of NH3-based S-fertilizers can become competitive with small-scale distributed production platforms compared with the Haber–Bosch fertilizers.

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Section: Conclusion and Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Conclusion and Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Conclusion and Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Hydrogen, Ammonia and Symbiotic/Smart Fertilizer Production Using Renewable Feedstock and CO2 Utilization through Catalytic Processes and Nonthermal Plasma with Novel Catalysts and In Situ Reactive Separation: A Roadmap for Sustainable and Innovation-Based Technology

Akay

2023

Catalysts

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“…They are all part of the development of so-called renewable energy-driven (or solar-driven) chemistry and energy. 1 Used at the laboratory and bench scales for decades, their applications have grown exponentially in recent years, with the scaling up of these technologies to the industrial scale to realise new process solutions. Although photocatalysis and plasma catalysis are conceptually different, they have many similarities in their reaction mechanisms, for example in the decomposition of formic acid or CO 2 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Catalysis on the move

Unciti-Broceta,

Rebrov

2024

Catal. Sci. Technol.

Self Cite

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Electrocatalysis for Green(er) Chemistry: Limitations and Opportunities with Traditional and Emerging Characterization Methods for Tangible Societal Impact

Sherrell,

Iesalnieks,

Ehrnst

et al. 2024

Adv Energy and Sustain Res

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The world is facing grand challenges in energy security, environmental pollution, and sustainable use (and re‐use) of resources. Electrochemical processes, incorporating electrosynthesis, electrochemical catalysis, and electrochemical energy storage devices, provide pathways to address these challenges via green chemistry. However, the applicability of electrochemical processes for these systems is limited by the required energy input, the “electrons” in electrochemistry. Electrocatalysis as a subset of electrochemistry is set to underpin many of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, including “Affordable and Clean Energy” through the production of future fuels and abatement of carbon emissions; “Responsible Consumption and Production” through recycling and degradation of waste; and “Climate Action” through CO2 (and other greenhouse gas) remediation. The rise of green photovoltaic power has lowered the carbon cost of these electrons, making electrocatalysis an even more viable, green(er), chemical conversion pathway. This perspective highlights the need for comprehensive understanding of catalyst structure via in situ and operando analysis to complement device design considerations. The challenges faced by the field of electrocatalysis in data reporting, elimination of electrochemical artifacts, catalyst stability, and scaling to industrial relevance, along with opportunities, emerging tools, are discussed with a view to achieve the maximum ‘potential’ of electrocatalysis.

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Challenges in unconventional catalysis

Cited by 18 publications

References 312 publications

Hydrogen, Ammonia and Symbiotic/Smart Fertilizer Production Using Renewable Feedstock and CO2 Utilization through Catalytic Processes and Nonthermal Plasma with Novel Catalysts and In Situ Reactive Separation: A Roadmap for Sustainable and Innovation-Based Technology

Hydrogen, Ammonia and Symbiotic/Smart Fertilizer Production Using Renewable Feedstock and CO2 Utilization through Catalytic Processes and Nonthermal Plasma with Novel Catalysts and In Situ Reactive Separation: A Roadmap for Sustainable and Innovation-Based Technology

Catalysis on the move

Electrocatalysis for Green(er) Chemistry: Limitations and Opportunities with Traditional and Emerging Characterization Methods for Tangible Societal Impact

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