Challenges in the study of neuronal differentiation: A view from the embryonic eye

Adler, Ruben

doi:10.1002/dvdy.20521

Cited by 9 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 138 publications

(148 reference statements)

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“…However, there is increasing evidence to suggest that such positive staining is unlikely to represent true differentiation into mature retinal phenotypes [17]. Indeed, undifferentiated cells have been reported to not only express differentiated cell markers, but can also express markers corresponding to more than one lineage [43, 44]. Such findings highlight the difficulties in assessing the potential of stem and progenitor cell populations and the need for cautious and thorough assessments.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Analysis of Progenitor Cells Isolated from the Iris, Pars Plana, and Ciliary Body of the Adult Porcine Eye

et al. 2007

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Using an adherent monolayer culture system, these cells could be readily expanded to increase their number more than 1 million-fold and maintain a progenitor phenotype. When grown on the substrate laminin in the presence of serum, cells derived from both spheres and monolayer cultures differentiated into neurons and glia. These results suggest that a population of cells derived from the adult iris, pars plana, and ciliary body of a large mammalian species, the pig, has progenitor properties and neurogenic potential, thereby providing novel sources of donor cells for transplantation studies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Analysis of Progenitor Cells Isolated from the Iris, Pars Plana, and Ciliary Body of the Adult Porcine Eye

et al. 2007

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“…2): RH1, RH2, SWS1, SWS2 and LWS/MWS [203]. 2 The RH1 (rhodopsin) gene is generally associated with rods and the other four opsin genes are usually expressed in cones. Substitutions in specific amino acid residues in the opsin apoprotein spectrally tune the light sensitivity of visual pigments so that each class has maximal absorption (λ max ) within a specific range of wavelengths: i) RH1 λ max ∼ 500 nm (but blue-shifted in marine species, as described below), ii) RH2, rhodopsin-like pigments expressed in cones with λ max 470-535 nm, iii) SWS1 (short-wavelength-sensitive-1) with λ max 355-440 nm, iv) SWS2 with λ max 410-490 nm, and v) LWS/MWS (long and middle-wavelength-sensitive) with λ max 490-575 nm [25,55,203].…”

Section: Ii) Vertebrate Visual Pigments and The Evolutionary Origins mentioning

confidence: 99%

Have we achieved a unified model of photoreceptor cell fate specification in vertebrates?

Adler

Raymond

2008

Brain Research

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How does a retinal progenitor choose to differentiate as a rod or a cone and, if it becomes a cone, which one of their different subtypes? The mechanisms of photoreceptor cell fate specification and differentiation have been extensively investigated in a variety of animal model systems, including human and non-human primates, rodents (mice and rats), chickens, frogs (Xenopus) and fish. It appears timely to discuss whether it is possible to synthesize the resulting information into a unified model applicable to all vertebrates. In this review we focus on several widely used experimental animal model systems to highlight differences in photoreceptor properties among species, the diversity of developmental strategies and solutions that vertebrates use to create retinas with photoreceptors that are adapted to the visual needs of their species, and the limitations of the methods currently available for the investigation of photoreceptor cell fate specification. Based on these considerations, we conclude that we are not yet ready to construct a unified model of photoreceptor cell fate specification in the developing vertebrate retina.

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“…Perhaps ideally, one or more unique cell markers, molecules demonstrating unambiguous evidence of identity and relationship, would characterise each cell type. Regrettably however, in many instances such putative ' markers' are neither unique nor evidence for terminal differentiation (Adler, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human cell type diversity, evolution, development, and classification with special reference to cells derived from the neural crest

2006

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Metazoans are composed of a finite number of recognisable cell types. Similar to the relationship between species and ecosystems, knowledge of cell type diversity contributes to studies of complexity and evolution. However, as with other units of evolution, the cell type often resists definition. This review proposes guidelines for characterising cell types and discusses cell homology and the various developmental pathways by which cell types arise, including germ layers, blastemata (secondary development/neurulation), stem cells, and transdifferentiation. An updated list of cell types is presented for a familiar, albeit overlooked model taxon, adult Homo sapiens, with 411 cell types, including 145 types of neurons, recognised. Two methods for organising these cell types are explored. One is the artificial classification technique, clustering cells using commonly accepted criteria of similarity. The second approach, an empirical method modeled after cladistics, resolves the classification in terms of shared features rather than overall similarity. While the results of each scheme differ, both methods address important questions. The artificial classification provides compelling (and independent) support for the neural crest as the fourth germ layer, while the cladistic approach permits the evaluation of cell type evolution. Using the cladistic approach we observe a correlation between the developmental and evolutionary origin of a cell, suggesting that this method is useful for predicting which cell types share common (multipotential) progenitors. Whereas the current effort is restricted by the availability of phenotypic details for most cell types, the present study demonstrates that a comprehensive cladistic classification is practical, attainable, and warranted. The use of cell types and cell type comparative classification schemes has the potential to offer new and alternative models for therapeutic evaluation.

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Challenges in the study of neuronal differentiation: A view from the embryonic eye

Cited by 9 publications

References 138 publications

Comparative Analysis of Progenitor Cells Isolated from the Iris, Pars Plana, and Ciliary Body of the Adult Porcine Eye

Comparative Analysis of Progenitor Cells Isolated from the Iris, Pars Plana, and Ciliary Body of the Adult Porcine Eye

Have we achieved a unified model of photoreceptor cell fate specification in vertebrates?

Human cell type diversity, evolution, development, and classification with special reference to cells derived from the neural crest

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