Abstract:Introduction: GeneXpert MTB/Rif assay is an automated, cartridge-based nucleic acid amplification test that can accurately detect both tuberculosis and Rifampicin resistance. Since its introduction, there has been a steady uptake of this technology by the National Tuberculosis Program of Nepal. Nevertheless, a large number of drug-resistant TB cases remains undiagnosed. This study aims to examine the challenges in diagnosis of drug-resistant tuberculosis by the GeneXpert MTB/Rif assay in Nepal and explore the … Show more
“…So, the missing cases are the major problem in Nepal (8). There are major challenges for diagnosis of MDR TB in Nepal, such as inadequate training, frequent power failure, difficulty in maintaining an appropriate steady temperature, module failure, which is often not replaced in time, issues with calibration and timely availability of cartridges, as well as appropriate ways to store the new cartridges and safe disposal of the used cartridges (16). From a public health perspective, the MDR-TB growing epidemics will not be controlled merely by the introduction of a few new antibiotics as it is also linked to patient compliance and adequate case management supported by efficient TB programs (17).…”
Section: Tuberculosis [Tb] Remains a Serious Public Health Problem In...mentioning
BackgroundDrug-resistant tuberculosis poses a significant threat to global TB control efforts, potentially reversing progress made in reducing TB-related morbidity and mortality. This study aims to identify risk factors for multidrug-resistant TB [MDR-TB] in Province 3, Nepal.MethodologyA case-control study was conducted by matching TB-infected patients undergoing MDR-TB treatment and DS-TB treatment by gender. Data was collected through structured questionnaires and interviews and analyzed using binary logistic regression.ResultsSignificant risk factors for MDR-TB included Pulmonary Tuberculosis [PTB], previous TB treatment history, close contact with DR-TB patients, and subjective feelings of sadness.ConclusionThe study highlights the importance of prevention measures to break transmission chains and infection control in health facilities. Additionally, it underscores the need for mental health support for TB patients.
“…So, the missing cases are the major problem in Nepal (8). There are major challenges for diagnosis of MDR TB in Nepal, such as inadequate training, frequent power failure, difficulty in maintaining an appropriate steady temperature, module failure, which is often not replaced in time, issues with calibration and timely availability of cartridges, as well as appropriate ways to store the new cartridges and safe disposal of the used cartridges (16). From a public health perspective, the MDR-TB growing epidemics will not be controlled merely by the introduction of a few new antibiotics as it is also linked to patient compliance and adequate case management supported by efficient TB programs (17).…”
Section: Tuberculosis [Tb] Remains a Serious Public Health Problem In...mentioning
BackgroundDrug-resistant tuberculosis poses a significant threat to global TB control efforts, potentially reversing progress made in reducing TB-related morbidity and mortality. This study aims to identify risk factors for multidrug-resistant TB [MDR-TB] in Province 3, Nepal.MethodologyA case-control study was conducted by matching TB-infected patients undergoing MDR-TB treatment and DS-TB treatment by gender. Data was collected through structured questionnaires and interviews and analyzed using binary logistic regression.ResultsSignificant risk factors for MDR-TB included Pulmonary Tuberculosis [PTB], previous TB treatment history, close contact with DR-TB patients, and subjective feelings of sadness.ConclusionThe study highlights the importance of prevention measures to break transmission chains and infection control in health facilities. Additionally, it underscores the need for mental health support for TB patients.
“…The GeneXpert MTB / RIF Assay is a unique hands-free integrated cartridge with incorporated chemicals and reagents for sample processing and hemi-nested real-time PCR analysis in a sequential manner for tuberculosis diagnosis and quick RIF resistance detection in clinical samples on GeneXpert platform. 9 This diagnostic has advantages of high sensitivity (79%) specificity (99%) 10 , as well as determining rifampicin resistance as an indicator for MDR TB and providing the result in two hours. It is simple to conduct and is safe as it produces no cultivable aerosols.…”
Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) has been the most common acute opportunistic infection in HIV positive patients and accounts for more than half of all AIDS cases in underdeveloped nations. Hence, rapid laboratory diagnosis of M. tuberculosis is needed for vulnerable patients.
Methodology: In this study, 72 sputum samples were collected from ART-naive and patients using ART for 6 months. The samples were tested with the GeneXpert MTB / RIF assay to diagnose TB and drug resistance and AFB smear microscopy as per NTP guidelines.
Results: Among 72 sputum samples studied, males were more diagnosed with TB than females. People aged 25-56 years were more infected with HIV-TB co-infection. Four patients (5.56%) were found to be TB positive with both techniques, 7 (9.72%) were GeneXpert MTB/RIF positive but smear-negative and 61 patients (84.72%) were negative with both methods. The positivity for MTB detected for GeneXpert MTB/RIF method in females was 3 (15%) and the males were 8 (15.38%), while for the ZN staining method the positivity in females was 2 (10%) and the males were 2 (3.85%). The GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay was also capable of detecting TB in smear-negative cases.
Conclusion: This study showed that the GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay is an effective tool for the early diagnosis of TB among HIV patients as compared to AFB smear staining method.
“…Resistensi bakteri terhadap antibiotik merupakan masalah serius yang harus menjadi perhatian para penyedia layanan kesehatan. Bakteri penyebab infeksi yang resisten terhadap sejumlah antibiotik telah ditemukan di seluruh dunia, sebagai contoh: multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), extensively drugresistance tuberculosis (XDR-TB) (Shrestha et al, 2018), methicillin-resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (Acharya et al, 2019). Kondisi tersebut akan berdampak secara ekonomi dengan meningkatnya biaya pengobatan karena lamanya perawatan pasien, serta berdampak terhadap kejadian mortalitas dan morbiditas akibat infeksi bakteri yang resisten.…”
This study aims to provide information related to the role of phages or bacterial viruses in treating infectious diseases. The method used is a secondary literature study from several research publications. The results showed that phage therapy had been medically proven to be superior to antibiotic treatment. Phage families Myoviridae and Podoviridae are the best candidates for phage therapy because most of them have a lytic cycle. Phages with lytic phage types tend to be widely used as biocontrol agents because they are specific and lyse target cells (pathogenic bacteria). In addition, phages do not have genetic material that can be integrated into the human body, so therapy using phages is not virulent in humans. Treatment using phages also does not cause phage resistance to antibiotics. In conclusion, phages' advantages, effectiveness, and host specificity make phages used in various applications to treat infectious diseases.
Keywords: Bacteriophage, Phage, Lytic, Therapy, Virus
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