Challenges in Scale-Up of Specialty Chemicals—A Development Chemist’s Perspective

Upscaling and Risk Evaluation of the Synthesis of the 3-5-Diamino-1H-Pyrazole, Disperazol

“…It is important to consider physical parameters when scaling up a synthesis [6]. The surface area to mass relationship, especially for heat/cold transfer, along with mixing, and chemical and physical properties, all play an important role in organic chemistry and can be significantly different in a largescale synthesis compared to a batch reaction.…”

Upscaling and Risk Evaluation of the Synthesis of the 3,5-Diamino-1H-Pyrazole, Disperazol

“…It is important to consider physical parameters when scaling up a synthesis [ 6 ]. The surface-area-to-mass relationship, especially for heat/cold transfer, along with mixing, in addition to the chemical and physical properties, play important roles in organic chemistry and can be significantly different in a large-scale synthesis, compared to a batch reaction.…”

Greenhouse gas emission reduction and energy impact of electrifying upgraders in refineries using plasma processing technology

“…26 Generally, traditional thermal and catalytic cracking methods of rening are efficient only at large scales and are not easily adaptable to changing needs and market demands. 27 Oil rening and upgrading using plasma instead of heat and catalysts are gaining attention as an alternative to traditional upgraders [28][29][30][31][32] such as the FCC and hydrocrackers, due to their production of similar products with signicantly less GHG emissions. Conventional upgraders have numerous challenges, including high capital costs, an intensive environmental impact, followed by catalyst deactivation through poisoning from contaminants such as sulfur and metals.…”