Challenges in pediatric neuroimaging

Barkovich, Matthew J.; Li, Yang; Desikan, Rahul S.; Barkovich, A. James; Xu, Duan

doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.04.044

Cited by 83 publications

(100 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Ventricular dilation and PvE of white matter due to transependymal resorption of CSF are characteristic features of hypertensive hydrocephalus. [13141516] This is the reason we included an objective quantitative assessment of PvE in our study as an indicator of increased intracranial pressure in the obstructive form of hydrocephalus. We also included an assessment of the state of the optic disc (OD) in ophthalmoscopy, as one of the objective signs of increased intracranial pressure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The importance of measuring mamillopontine distance as a diagnostic criterion of hydrocephalus degrees

et al. 2019

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Objectives:The occurrence of obstructive hydrocephalus (ObH) as sequelae of deep midline brain tumors (third and lateral ventricles, thalamic, pineal region, brainstem, and fourth ventricle) can be estimated up to 90% of cases. We believe that the mamillopontine distance (MPD) – the distance between the lower surface of the mammillary body and the upper surface of the pons in the sagittal images – can be a sufficiently reliable alternative to the Evans’ index (EI) for the diagnosis of ObH.Patients and Methods:The results of mamillopontine distance (MPD), Evans’ index (EI), and angle of corpus callosum (ACC) measurement of 43 patients with non-communicative hydrocephalus were analyzed compared with results of 30 people without brain pathology.Results:Findings revealed that MPD is a strong and reliable alternative to the EI. MPD showed high specificity and sensitivity in the diagnosis of occlusive hydrocephalus. Moreover, from those findings, we have proposed classification of the degree of hydrocephalus severity, depending on the MPD.Conclusion:MPD one of the more accurate and powerful method for defining presence of hydrocephalus in-patient even in early stage of occlusion. It has high specificity and sensitivity and capable classify hydrocephalus into grades according to severity.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The importance of measuring mamillopontine distance as a diagnostic criterion of hydrocephalus degrees

et al. 2019

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“…Intriguingly, oligodendrocytes have the highest capacity for the synthesis and utilization of creatine in the CNS ( Manos et al, 1991 ; Molloy et al, 1992 ; Braissant et al, 2001 ; Tachikawa et al, 2004 ; Cahoy et al, 2008 ; Zhang et al, 2014 ). In addition, inborn errors of creatine metabolism frequently present with delayed myelination, as well as severe mental retardation, autistic-like behavior, motor disorder, and speech delay, suggesting a crucial role for creatine during brain development ( Anselm et al, 2006 ; Barkovich, 2011 ). Despite its clinical relevance, the precise role of creatine in oligodendrocytes remains poorly understood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Creatine Enhances Mitochondrial-Mediated Oligodendrocyte Survival After Demyelinating Injury

Chamberlain

Chapey²,

Nanescu³

et al. 2017

J. Neurosci.

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Chronic oligodendrocyte loss, which occurs in the demyelinating disorder multiple sclerosis (MS), contributes to axonal dysfunction and neurodegeneration. Current therapies are able to reduce MS severity, but do not prevent transition into the progressive phase of the disease, which is characterized by chronic neurodegeneration. Therefore, pharmacological compounds that promote oligodendrocyte survival could be beneficial for neuroprotection in MS. Here, we investigated the role of creatine, an organic acid involved in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) buffering, in oligodendrocyte function. We found that creatine increased mitochondrial ATP production directly in oligodendrocyte lineage cell cultures and exerted robust protection on oligodendrocytes by preventing cell death in both naive and lipopolysaccharide-treated mixed glia. Moreover, lysolecithin-mediated demyelination in mice deficient in the creatine-synthesizing enzyme guanidinoacetate-methyltransferase (Gamt) did not affect oligodendrocyte precursor cell recruitment, but resulted in exacerbated apoptosis of regenerated oligodendrocytes in central nervous system (CNS) lesions. Remarkably, creatine administration into Gamt-deficient and wild-type mice with demyelinating injury reduced oligodendrocyte apoptosis, thereby increasing oligodendrocyte density and myelin basic protein staining in CNS lesions. We found that creatine did not affect the recruitment of macrophages/microglia into lesions, suggesting that creatine affects oligodendrocyte survival independently of inflammation. Together, our results demonstrate a novel function for creatine in promoting oligodendrocyte viability during CNS remyelination.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We report that creatine enhances oligodendrocyte mitochondrial function and protects against caspase-dependent oligodendrocyte apoptosis during CNS remyelination. This work has important implications for the development of therapeutic targets for diseases characterized by oligodendrocyte death, including multiple sclerosis.

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“…Neuroimaging children has intrinsic challenges due to motion and limited cooperation, particularly in the preschool years ( Barkovich et al., 2019 ). We showed a 77% success rate for scanning children without sedation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, only a few have investigated brain structure and function in preschool children between the ages of 1–3 years when cortical maturation is most rapid, despite recognition of the importance of this period in terms of structural and functional development ( Gilmore et al., 2018 ). Beyond early infancy, paediatric imaging is difficult due to the MRI requirement of lying still in an enclosed space for a prolonged period of time ( Barkovich et al., 2019 ) leading to technical and practical challenges ( Almli et al., 2007 ; Raschle et al., 2012 ; Thieba et al., 2018 ). This is particularly notable in preschool children who are not able to understand the reasons for this requirement ( Raschle et al., 2012 ; Thieba et al., 2018 ) and are not responsive to mock scanner training which can be effective for older children ( Thieba et al., 2018 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroimaging young children and associations with neurocognitive development in a South African birth cohort study

et al. 2020

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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an indispensable tool for investigating brain development in young children and the neurobiological mechanisms underlying developmental risk and resilience. Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest proportion of children at risk of developmental delay worldwide, yet in this region there is very limited neuroimaging research focusing on the neurobiology of such impairment. Furthermore, paediatric MRI imaging is challenging in any setting due to motion sensitivity. Although sedation and anesthesia are routinely used in clinical practice to minimise movement in young children, this may not be ethical in the context of research. Our study aimed to investigate the feasibility of paediatric multimodal MRI at age 2–3 years without sedation, and to explore the relationship between cortical structure and neurocognitive development at this understudied age in a sub-Saharan African setting. A total of 239 children from the Drakenstein Child Health Study, a large observational South African birth cohort, were recruited for neuroimaging at 2–3 years of age. Scans were conducted during natural sleep utilising locally developed techniques. T1-MEMPRAGE and T2-weighted structural imaging, resting state functional MRI, diffusion tensor imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy sequences were included. Child neurodevelopment was assessed using the Bayley-III Scales of Infant and Toddler Development. Following 23 pilot scans, 216 children underwent scanning and T1-weighted images were obtained from 167/216 (77%) of children (median age 34.8 months). Furthermore, we found cortical surface area and thickness within frontal regions were associated with cognitive development, and in temporal and frontal regions with language development (beta coefficient ≥0.20). Overall, we demonstrate the feasibility of carrying out a neuroimaging study of young children during natural sleep in sub-Saharan Africa. Our findings indicate that dynamic morphological changes in heteromodal association regions are associated with cognitive and language development at this young age. These proof-of-concept analyses suggest similar links between the brain and cognition as prior literature from high income countries, enhancing understanding of the interplay between cortical structure and function during brain maturation.

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Challenges in pediatric neuroimaging

Cited by 83 publications

References 28 publications

The importance of measuring mamillopontine distance as a diagnostic criterion of hydrocephalus degrees

The importance of measuring mamillopontine distance as a diagnostic criterion of hydrocephalus degrees

Creatine Enhances Mitochondrial-Mediated Oligodendrocyte Survival After Demyelinating Injury

Neuroimaging young children and associations with neurocognitive development in a South African birth cohort study

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