Challenges and Strategies in the Development of Zinc‐Ion Batteries

Abstract

Although promising, the practical use of zinc‐ion batteries (ZIBs) remains plagued with uncontrollable dendrite growth, parasitic side reactions, and the high intercalation energy of divalent Zn2+ ions. Hence, much work has been conducted to alleviate these issues to maximize the energy density and cyclic life of the cell. In this holistic review, the mechanisms and rationale for the stated challenges shall be summarized, followed by the corresponding strategies employed to mitigate them. Thereafter, a perspective on present research and the outlook of ZIBs would be put forth in hopes to enhance their electrochemical properties in a multipronged approach.

Host-design strategies of zinc anodes for aqueous zinc-ion batteries

“…Especially in acidic electrolytes, the zinc metal anode is unstable and will continue to consume H + ions and irreversibly produce H 2 gas to escape, causing the battery to crack or other safety hazards. 27–29 As the HER proceeds, the pH values of the local electrolyte environment increase, inevitably leading to the formation of Zn(OH) 4 2− chemicals on the surface of the zinc anode during the discharging stage, which subsequently decompose into insulating ZnO by-products, resulting in the coverage of the passivation layer. 30–32 The formation of the passivation layer reduces the active zinc surface area, impeding direct contact between zinc metal and electrolyte, thus reducing the utilization of the zinc anode and even terminating the discharge process.…”

Highly stable and reversible Zn anodes enabled by an electrolyte additive of sucrose

“…These issues will weaken the Zn utilization rate, and decrease the capacity and lifespan of ZIBs. 21,22…”

Foldable chromium vanadate cathodes for high-performance aqueous zinc ion batteries

“…Owing to the long cycling performance and high energy density, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used in electric vehicles and portable equipment. 1–5 Nevertheless, scarce lithium resources and flammable organic electrolytes limit further development. 6,7 In contrast, compared to other batteries, aqueous zinc ion batteries (AZIBs) show great potential due to their high safety, low cost, and environmental benignity.…”