Challenges and Scientific Prospects of the Newest Generation of mRNA-Based Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2

Calina, Daniela; Hernández, Antonio F.; Hartung, Thomas; Egorov, A. M.; Izotov, Boris N.; Νikolouzakis, Τaxiarchis Κonstantinos; Tsatsakis, Aristidis; Vlachoyiannopoulos, Panayiotis G.; Docea, Anca Oana

doi:10.3390/life11090907

Cited by 21 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 91 publications

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“…Despite ethical barriers for investigation in human subjects ( 12 ), research has been dedicated to the development of safe vaccines ( 13 , 14 ) and effective antiviral therapies to target this disease ( 15 , 16 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical significance of early IgA anti‑SARS‑CoV‑2 antibody detection in patients from a Romanian referral COVID‑19 hospital

et al. 2022

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Controlling the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) includes institute isolation, quarantine measures and appropriate clinical management, which all require effective screening, diagnostic and prognostic tools. The present study aimed to analyze severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)A detection and determine the potential association with the clinical course of COVID-19 and the levels of inflammation. In the present study, the presence of IgA and IgG SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in 75 consecutive patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection was investigated. No significant differences were found between the IgA positive and negative groups, regarding the presence of symptoms, haematological and inflammatory variables, or the presence of pneumonia. In the majority of cases, antibody detection was comparable, for example, 79.7% of patients in the IgA positive group exhibited both types of antibodies, while 80.9% of patients in the IgA negative group were also IgG negative. A total of four patients in the IgA negative group presented with anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies. Early detection of IgA was more frequent in patients who later developed severe forms of the disease. In addition, the IgG SARS-CoV-2 antibody response was higher in patients with the severe form of the disease.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical significance of early IgA anti‑SARS‑CoV‑2 antibody detection in patients from a Romanian referral COVID‑19 hospital

et al. 2022

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“…Before the successful development of a vaccine has been done, no drugs particularly targeting COVID-19 were obtainable in clinical practice, and quarantine is still a main measure in order to control the epidemic [21]. Concurrently, wearing masks, using liquid disinfectants and other measures efficiently lower the spread of SARS-CoV-2 [21]. Efficient vaccine is required to control the epidemics [22].…”

Section: Concepts and Methods Of Vaccine Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Advantage Efficacy of Intranasal Live-Attenuated Vaccine Against SARS-CoV-2

Sae-ngow

2022

Int J Sci Healthcare Res

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has ushered in a new era of breakthrough infections. The SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19, emerged in late 2019 in a seafood market in Wuhan, China, and was linked to pneumonia-associated sickness, which can culminate in respiratory failure. COVID-19 can potentially cause cardiovascular and gastrointestinal diseases and indicate an inflammatory condition. Regarding the diminishing protective immunity of vaccinations over time and the urgency of vaccine-evading SARS-CoV-2 variations, it is recommended that a booster injection be administered, and the research of variant-specific vaccines is continuing. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccine development became a focal point of global research. However, vaccine development necessitates considerable time. Between preclinical research and the final vaccine's commercialisation, years or more than a decade are often required. Several options for SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have begun clinical trials globally after months of research and development. As stipulated by the WHO, vaccine development must involve preclinical research, clinical application, clinical trial agency application, registered clinical trial, phase I clinical trial, phase II clinical trial, phase III clinical trial, marketing, and manufacture of the vaccine. It is essential to create a balanced list of the benefits and drawbacks of deploying LAVs so that a well-informed choice can be made on which LAVs may be dispatched promptly to prevent and manage unanticipated pandemic breakouts. Keywords: Intranasal live-attenuated vaccine, Covid-19 vaccine, SAR-CoV-2

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“…The immune system is a diverse network of multiple components and signals [ 20 , 36 ]. They help in the amplification of invader response and allow regulatory control of the overall immune reactions that contribute to the neutralization and eradication of foreign agents such as toxins or biological agents [ 37 , 38 ]. This dynamic network, which can lead to immunity or autoimmune therapy or which can be blocked by a combination of biological and chemical agents, can be triggered.…”

Section: Tobacco Smoking Immunity Liver and Carcinogenesis: Connecting The Dotsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tobacco Smoking and Liver Cancer Risk: Potential Avenues for Carcinogenesis

Jain

Chaudhary

Varshney

et al. 2021

Journal of Oncology

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Smoking a cigarette generates over 4000 chemicals that have a deleterious impact on each part of the human body. It produces three main severe effects on the liver organ: oncogenic, immunological, and indirect or direct toxic effects. It results in the production of cytotoxic substances, which raises fibrosis and necro-inflammation. Additionally, it also directs the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor alfa (TNF-α) and interleukins (IL-1β, IL-6) that will be responsible for the chronic liver injury. Furthermore, it gives rise to secondary polycythemia and successively raises the turnover and mass of red cells, which might be a common factor responsible for the development of oxidative stress in the liver due to iron overload. It also produces chemicals that are having oncogenic properties and raises the risk of liver cancer especially in sufferers of chronic hepatitis C. Smoking modulates both humoral and cell-mediated responses by restricting the proliferation of lymphocytes and inducing their apoptosis and ultimately decreasing the surveillance of cancer cells. Moreover, it has been determined that heavy smoking impacts the response of hepatitis C patients to interferon (IFN) therapy through different mechanisms, which can be improved by phlebotomy. Efforts are being made in different nations in decreasing the prevalence of smoking to improve premature death and ill effects of their nation’s individuals.

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Challenges and Scientific Prospects of the Newest Generation of mRNA-Based Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2

Cited by 21 publications

References 91 publications

Clinical significance of early IgA anti‑SARS‑CoV‑2 antibody detection in patients from a Romanian referral COVID‑19 hospital

Clinical significance of early IgA anti‑SARS‑CoV‑2 antibody detection in patients from a Romanian referral COVID‑19 hospital

The Advantage Efficacy of Intranasal Live-Attenuated Vaccine Against SARS-CoV-2

Tobacco Smoking and Liver Cancer Risk: Potential Avenues for Carcinogenesis

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