Challenges and Feasibility of Applying Reasoning and DecisionMaking for a Lifeguard Undertaking a Rescue Research

Szpilman, David; Doyle, Billy; Smith, Jenny; Griffiths, Rachel; Tipton, Michael J.

doi:10.4172/1522-4821.1000379

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Mitigation of the aquatic incident requires identifying the problem, establishing a preliminary diagnosis and making the appropriate decisions to treat drowning in a hostile environment [4]. Moreover, for each drowned person who dies, it has been estimated that four people receive care in the emergency services for non-fatal drowning [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ABCDE approach to victims by lifeguards: How do they manage a critical patient? A cross sectional simulation study

et al. 2019

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Introduction Decision-making in emergencies is a multifactorial process based on the rescuer, patient, setting and resources. The eye-tracking system is a proven method for assessing decision-making processes that have been used in different fields of science. Our aim was to evaluate the lifeguards’ capacity to perform the ABCDE (Airway-Breathing-Circulation-Disability-Exposure) approach when facing a simulated critically ill-drowned victim. Methods A cross-sectional simulation study was designed to assess the skills and sequence of the ABCDE approach by 20 professional lifeguards. They had to assess a victim and act according to his/her clinical status by following the ABCDE primary assessment approach. The two kinds of variables were recorder: those related to the quality of each step of the ABCDE approach and the visual behaviour using a portable eye-movement system. The eye-tracking system was the Mobile Eye system (Bedford, USA). Results None of the study participants were able to complete correctly the ABCDE approach. Lifeguards spent more time in the Circulation step: Airway (15.5±11.1 s), Breathing (25.1±21.1 s), Circulation (44.6±29.5 s), Disability (38.5±0.7 s). Participants spent more time in viewpoints considered as important (65.5±17.4 s) compared with secondary ones (34.6±17.4 s, p = 0.008). This was also represented in the percentage of visual fixations (fixations in important viewpoints: 63.36±15.06; fixation in secondary viewpoints: 36.64±15.06; p = 0.008). Conclusion Professional lifeguards failed to fully perform the ABCDE sequence. Evaluation by experts with the help of eye-tracking technology detected the lifeguards’ limitations in the assessment and treatment of an eventual critically ill victim. Such deficits should be considered in the design and implementation of lifeguards’ training programmes.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ABCDE approach to victims by lifeguards: How do they manage a critical patient? A cross sectional simulation study

et al. 2019

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“…Alternatively, it could suggest some LEL have higher sensitivity bias and lower thresholds of perceived hazardousness. Such variability is unsurprising when lifeguards have to process such complex scenarios involving so many potential variables (Szpilman et al, 2017). Also, given that some EL produced lower detection rates than LEL, this might suggest experience will not always allow the development of enhanced encoding and retrieval or enhanced sensitivity bias.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, cognitive processes relating to decision-making following the identification of a potential hazard would be predicted to become more refined with experience as lifeguards develop the knowledge structures which identify what hazards require a physical (active) response against those that require observation only (inactive response). Szpilman et al (2017) identified 64 variables that can influence the process of a single rescue and therefore refining decision making is key in terms of responding quickly. While it is clearly important that newly qualified lifeguards can quickly obtain safe levels of hazard detection skills, the task-specific engagement required to produce mechanistic changes is not considered in current lifeguard training programs, which typically last for less than one week.…”

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confidence: 99%

Changes in Lifeguards’ Hazard Detection and Eye Movements with Experience: Is One Season Enough?

Smith¹,

Long²,

Dawes³

et al. 2020

IJARE

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Surveillance is key to the lifesaving capability of lifeguards. Experienced personnel consistently display enhanced hazard detection capabilities compared to less experienced counterparts. However, the mechanisms which underpin this effect and the time it takes to develop these skills are not understood. We hypothesized that, after one season of experience, the number of hazards detected by, and eye movements of, less experienced lifeguards (LEL) would more closely approximate experienced lifeguards (EL). The LEL watched ‘beach scene’ videos at the beginning and end of their first season. The number of hazards detected and eye-movement data were collected and compared to the EL group. The LEL perceived fewer hazards than EL and did not increase over the season. There was no difference in eye-movements between groups. Findings suggest one season is not enough for lifeguards to develop enhanced hazard detection skills and skill level differences are not underpinned by differences in gaze behavior.

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“…In emergency scenarios, timing is of the essence: the environment changes rapidly, so agents need to move fast before their knowledge of the environment becomes outdated [16]. Additionally, in real emergencies agents have limited time to accomplish their goal.…”

Section: Application Domain: Emergency Scenariomentioning

confidence: 99%

ACoPla: a Multiagent Simulator to Study Individual Strategies in Dynamic Situations

Garcia

Vivacqua

2018

ADCAIJ

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KEYWORD ABSTRACTAgents, emergency scenarios, evacuation, Multiagent systems, social simulation, BDI, agent strategies.One important issue in multi-agent systems is how to define agents' interaction strategies in dynamic open environments. Generally, agents' behaviors, such as being cooperative/altruistic or competitive/adversarial, are defined a priori by their creators. However, this is a weak premise when considering interaction among anonymous self-interested agents. Whenever agents meet, there is always a decision to be made: what is the best group interaction strategy? We argue that the answer depends on the amount of information required to make a decision and on the deadline proximity for accomplishing the task in hand. In certain situations, it is to the agents' advantage to exchange information with others, while in other situations there are no incentives for them to spend time doing so. Understanding effective behaviors according to the decision-making scenario is still an open issue in multi-agent systems. In this paper, we present a multi-agent simulator (ACoPla) to understand the correlations between agents' interaction strategy, decision-making context and successful task accomplishment rate. Additionally, we develop a case study in the domain of site evacuation to exemplify our findings. Through this study, we detect the types of conditions under which cooperation becomes the preferred strategy, as the environment changes.

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Challenges and Feasibility of Applying Reasoning and DecisionMaking for a Lifeguard Undertaking a Rescue Research

Cited by 6 publications

References 32 publications

ABCDE approach to victims by lifeguards: How do they manage a critical patient? A cross sectional simulation study

ABCDE approach to victims by lifeguards: How do they manage a critical patient? A cross sectional simulation study

Changes in Lifeguards’ Hazard Detection and Eye Movements with Experience: Is One Season Enough?

ACoPla: a Multiagent Simulator to Study Individual Strategies in Dynamic Situations

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