Challenges and cares to promote rational use of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: a timely review

Pereira, Boscolli Barbosa

doi:10.1080/10937404.2020.1752340

Cited by 47 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Those drugs demonstrate antiviral activity by interfering with glycosylation of ACE2 receptor and elevating the pH in endosomes. Both medicines can inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 cell entry (53)(54)(55). The presented clinical trials confirmed that the use of those drugs promote laboratory virus -negative conversion and shortening the course of COVID-19.…”

Section: Anti-sars-cov-2 Drugssupporting

confidence: 64%

Towards a more effective strategy for COVID‑19 prevention (Review)

Szkaradkiewicz-Karpińska

Szkaradkiewicz²

2020

Exp Ther Med

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At the end of 2019, a new disease, similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) associated with SARS-CoV was reported in Wuhan, China. It was quickly discovered that the etiological factor of the new disease (COVID-19) was a previously unknown SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The global spread of of COVID-19 has lead to the declaration of a pandemic status in 2019-2020 as declared by the World Health Organization and Public Health Emergency of International Concern. SARS-CoV-2 characterizes with high epidemic potential and is effectively disseminated between humans. SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 are closely related pathogens. Their prime route of distribution is air-droplet transmission. Combating infectious diseases disseminated by inhalation is very difficult, and mainly relies on the use of vaccines. However, despite the lack of an effective anti-SARS-CoV vaccine and specific antiviral drugs, the strict sanitary procedures proved to be sufficient to stop the SARS epidemic in June 2003. However, epidemic research has indicated that SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted in humans significantly more effectively than SARS-CoV; therefore, the COVID-19 pandemic continues to expand. This indicates that the so far anti-epidemic activities to control COVID-19 are insufficient. In the current review, the possibility of using interferon α (IFN-α) as a preventive agent of COVID-19 is discussed. The current data concerning anti-COVID-19 vaccines and specific drugs against SARS-CoV-2 are also discussed. The aim of the current review is to contribute to the introduction of a more efficient strategy in the protection of the human population against COVID-19.

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Section: Anti-sars-cov-2 Drugssupporting

confidence: 64%

Towards a more effective strategy for COVID‑19 prevention (Review)

Szkaradkiewicz-Karpińska

Szkaradkiewicz²

2020

Exp Ther Med

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“…They were approved to treat or prevent malaria, as well as rheumatoid arthritis, or systemic lupus erythematosus etc. Moreover, hydroxychloroquine showed fewer side effects than chloroquine [114]. Several clinical studies on hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine provided fairly satisfying results, better trial designing would be needed to further confirm the therapeutic effectiveness [115].…”

Section: Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative review of respiratory diseases caused by coronaviruses and influenza A viruses during epidemic season

Jiang

Yao

Zhao

et al. 2020

Microbes and Infection

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to sweep the world, causing infection of millions and death of hundreds of thousands. The respiratory disease that it caused, COVID-19 (stands for coronavirus disease in 2019), has similar clinical symptoms with other two CoV diseases, severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome (SARS and MERS), of which causative viruses are SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, respectively. These three CoVs resulting diseases also share many clinical symptoms with other respiratory diseases caused by influenza A viruses (IAVs). Since both CoVs and IAVs are general pathogens responsible for seasonal cold, in the next few months, during the changing of seasons, clinicians and public heath may have to distinguish COVID-19 pneumonia from other kinds of viral pneumonia. This is a discussion and comparison of the virus structures, transmission characteristics, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, pathological changes, treatment and prevention of the two kinds of viruses, CoVs and IAVs. It hopes to provide information for practitioners in the medical field during the epidemic season.

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“…Prolong use of hydroxychloroquine produces -i) toxicity to retina tissue which may lead to unrepirable retinopathy [119,120]; ii) Cardiotoxicity and CNS toxicity with neuromyopathy symptoms and alterations in gastrointestinal tract [121]; toxicity to liver cells (genetic material) [122]; and genotoxicity [123,124]. Studies have shown substantial increase in retinal toxicity with chronic treatment based on the hypothesis of bioaccumulation [125]. Some investigators report <2% incidences of retinopathy and more common in Asian patients [126,127].…”

Section: Safety and Adverse Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A systematic review on use of aminoquinolines for the therapeutic management of COVID-19: Efficacy, safety and clinical trials

2020

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Recent global outbreak of the pandemic caused by coronavirus (COVID-19) emphasizes the urgent need for novel antiviral therapeutics. It can be supplemented by utilization of efficient and validated drug discovery approaches such as drug repurposing/repositioning. The well reported and clinically used anti-malarial aminoquinoline drugs (chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine) have shown potential to be repurposed to control the present pandemic by inhibition of COVID-19. The review elaborates the mechanism of action, safety (side effects, adverse effects, toxicity) and details of clinical trials for chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine to benefit the clinicians, medicinal chemist, pharmacologist actively involved in controlling the pandemic and to provide therapeutics for the treatment of COVID-19 infection. 2. Mechanism of action For viral replication, a stable acidic pH of endosomes, lysosomes, Golgi complex of host is required. The bioaccumulation properties of both the selected aimnoquinolines explain the antiviral mechanism of their action [108]. Chloroquine increases the pH of intracellular vacuoles. In lysosomes, it alters the catalysis of the protein degradation pathways through acidic hydrolases. It also alters endosomal

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Challenges and cares to promote rational use of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: a timely review

Cited by 47 publications

References 22 publications

Towards a more effective strategy for COVID‑19 prevention (Review)

Towards a more effective strategy for COVID‑19 prevention (Review)

Comparative review of respiratory diseases caused by coronaviruses and influenza A viruses during epidemic season

A systematic review on use of aminoquinolines for the therapeutic management of COVID-19: Efficacy, safety and clinical trials

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