Challenge Approach of an Inexpensive Electrochemical Sensor for Rapid Selective Determination of two Non‐classical β‐Lactams in Presence of Different Degradants and Interference Substances

Abstract

An inexpensive stability−indicating anodic voltammetric method for rapid determination of two non‐classical β‐lactam antibiotics; Meropenem (MP) and Ertapenem (EP) has been developed and validated. The method was based on the enhancement of voltammetric response at a disposable graphite pencil electrode (GPE). Differential pulse voltammetric (DPV) method was developed for quantification of both drugs in B−R buffer solution (pH 2.0) at GPE. The GPE displayed very good voltammetric behavior with significant enhancement of the peak current compared to glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Stress stability studies were performed using 0.5 M of either HCl or NaOH and H2O2. Mass and infrared spectroscopy were used for identification of degradants and their pathways were illustrated. Under optimal conditions, the peak currents showed a linear dependence with drug concentrations. The achieved limits of detection (LOD) were 1.23, 2.07 and 1.50 μM for MP and two waves of EP, respectively. The developed voltammetric method was successfully applied for direct determination of MP and EP in drug substances, pharmaceutical vials and in presence of either their corresponding hydrolytic, oxidative‐degradants or interfering substances with no potential interferences. The differential pulse voltammograms were highly advantageous and applicable in QC laboratories for rapid, selective micro‐determination of MP and EP.

Green Insight of High Performance UTGE Operation in Nano-Sensitive Electro-Analysis of Meropenem by Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry

“…Ultra-high sensitivity is concluded at nano levels with wide sensitivity range starting from nano to micro levels; compared to other reported electrodes. 17,19 Limits of detection and quantification.-Limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) of MP were estimated at UTGE from the following equations: LOD = 3.3σ/S, LOQ = 10 σ /S (where σ is the standard deviation of the residuals, and S is the slope of the calibration graph). Both LOD and LOQ values stated in (Table I), confirms the ultra-sensitivity of the proposed method at nano-level if compared with those calculated by the official 1 method.…”

“…Stock solutions of the hydrolytic and oxidative-degradants.-Hydrolytic and oxidative degradants of MP were prepared and their complete degradation was assured by TLC. 19 The final concentration of both prepared degradants is (1.0 × 10 −3 M); dissolved in water. Working solution of each degradant (1.0 × 10 −4 M) was prepared by separately transferring 10.0-mL of each stock solution (1.0 × 10 −3 M) into two separate 100.0-mL volumetric flasks and completed to volume with water.…”

“…Excellent green chemical analysis of our proposed method; accompanied with higher sensitivity is achieved if compared to other methods upon classical electrodes [17][18][19] and toxic polyaniline/graphene modified electrode 20 applications. Polyaniline is investigated as an environmentally toxic and teratogenic material.…”

“…Meropenem (MP) is non-classical β-lactam drug; its chemical name is (4R, 5S, 6S)-3-[(3S, 5S)-5-(Dimethylcarbamoyl)-3pyrrolidinyl]thio]-6-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-4-methyl-7-oxo-1azabicyclo [3.2.0] hept-2-ene-carboxylic acid, trihydrate, 1 having ultra-broad antibacterial spectrum. 2,3 Currently reported methods in literature survey comprise various quantitative analytical techniques: colorimetry, [4][5][6] UV-spectroscopy, 7-10 spectrofluorimetry, 11 chemiluminescence, 12 chromatographic separation [13][14][15][16] and electrochemical voltammetric methods using classical, [17][18][19] and chemically modified electrode 20 for MP determination in pure form, commercial vials, human urine and plasma.…”

Improvement of adsorptive voltammetric methods for determination of Midodrine by carbon paste electrode modified with gold nano particles in presence of β-cyclodextrin

“…The solution was filtered to separate the insoluble excipients. 35 μL of the resulted solution and different aliquots of standard MID solution (1.0 x 10 -3 M) were introduced into the electrolytic cell and the voltammograms were recorded [36].…”