Chalcogenide glass waveguides integrated with quantum cascade lasers for on-chip mid-IR photonic circuits

Tsay, Candice; Toor, Fatima; Gmachl, Claire F.; Arnold, Craig B.

doi:10.1364/ol.35.003324

Cited by 40 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…In this paper, we review the use of the MIMIC process to achieve an integrated QCL/waveguide chip [29] and introduce the use of µTM for fabricating integrated As 2 S 3 waveguides. Propagation loss and edge roughness of these waveguides are characterized, showing low loss over large areas.…”

Section: Solution Processing and Patterning By Soft Lithographymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4b). The presence of the As 2 S 3 waveguide (n ~2.3) on the as-cleaved laser facet (n eff ~3.2), has the effect of reducing the reflectance of the laser facet by a factor of 10, however, good coupling efficiency is achieved, and light is effectively guided around the 90° bend [29].…”

Section: Integrated Waveguide and Qcl By Mimicmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(b) Light output (λ 5µm) measured from integrated waveguide-laser. Parts of this figure reproduced from[29].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Solution-processed chalcogenide glass for integrated single-mode mid-infrared waveguides

2010

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Chalcogenide glass materials exhibit a variety of optical properties that make them desirable for near- and mid-infrared communications and sensing applications. However, processing limitations for these photorefractive materials have made the direct integration of waveguides with sources or detectors challenging. Here we demonstrate the viability of two complementary soft lithography methods for patterning and integrating chalcogenide glass waveguides from solution. One method, micro-molding in capillaries (MIMIC), is shown to fabricate multi-mode As(2)S(3) waveguides which are directly integrated with quantum cascade lasers (QCLs). In a second method, we demonstrate the ability of micro-transfer molding (µTM), to produce arrays of single mode rib waveguides (2.5 µm wide and 4.5 µm high) over areas larger than 6 cm(2) while maintaining edge roughness below 5.1 nm. These methods form a suite of processes that can be applied to chalcogenide solutions to create a diverse array of mid-IR optical and photonic structures ranging from <5 to 10's of µm in dimension.

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Section: Solution Processing and Patterning By Soft Lithographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Integrated Waveguide and Qcl By Mimicmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Solution-processed chalcogenide glass for integrated single-mode mid-infrared waveguides

2010

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“…However, less conventional techniques such as spin-coating of glassy films from solution can have certain advantages for realizing large area or thick film deposition while achieving similar optical, physical, and chemical properties of other deposition techniques [11]. Spin-coating approaches have the added advantage that the same solutions can be adopted for other precision dispensing techniques such as mold casting, ink jet or laser direct write [12][13][14], giving spatial control of the added material. Chern and Lauks first introduced the spin-coating deposition method of preparing chalcogenide films for high resolution photoresists [15,16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of annealing conditions on the optical and structural properties of spin-coated As_2S_3 chalcogenide glass thin films

Song¹,

Dua²,

Arnold³

2010

Opt. Express

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Spin-coating of chalcogenide glass is a low-cost, scalable method to create optical grade thin films, which are ideal for visible and infrared applications. In this paper, we study the influence of annealing on optical parameters of As 2 S 3 films by examining UV-visible and infrared spectroscopy and correlating the results to changes in the physical properties associated with solvent removal. Evaporation of excess solvent results in a more highly coordinated, denser glass network with higher index and lower absorption. Depending on the annealing temperature and time, index values ranging from n = 2.1 to the bulk value (n = 2.4) can be obtained, enabling a pathway to materials optimization. 275-284 (1987). 19. S. Shtutina, M. Klebanov, S. R. V. Lyubin, and V. Volterra, "Photoinduced phenomena in spin-coated vitreous As2S3 and AsSe films," Thin Solid Films 261(1-2), 263-265 (1995). 20. J. Tauc, "Absorption edge and internal electric fields in amorphous semiconductors," Mater. Res. Bull. 5(8), 721-729 (1970). 21. R. Swanepoel, "Determination of the thickness and optical constans of amorphous silicon," J. Phys. E 16(12), 1214-1222 (1983). 22. E. Marquez, J. Ramirez-Malo, P. Villarest, R. Jimenez-Garay, P. J. S. Ewen, and A. E. Owen, "Calculation of the thickness and optical constants of amorphous arsenic sulfide films from their transmission spectra," J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 25(3), 535-541 (1992). 23. S. Wemple, and M. DiDomenico, "Behavior of electronic dielectric constant in covalent and ionic materials,"Phys. Rev. B 3(4), 1338-1351 (1971). 24. S. Wemple, "Refractive-index behavior of amorphous semiconductors and glasses," Phys. Rev. B 7(8), 3767-3777 (1973).

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“…At present QCL technology is immature for effective, direct emission of mid-IR pulses. However, there is potential for the direct integration of mid-IR waveguides to QCL for spectroscopy [8]. Thus, should mode-locked QCL become a reality, integrated broadband DIRCM systems using mid-IR glass waveguides is a realistic proposition.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling of self phase modulation for broadband DIRCM lasers

Lamb¹

2012

SPIE Proceedings

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Efficient laser emission in the medium wave infrared (MWIR) is a long established requirement for directed infrared countermeasures (DIRCM). However, until the last decade, there has not been a viable technology for the direct generation of wavelengths in the 3-5μm region and instead indirect methods using optical parametric conversion have been the subject of intense development. Several indirect methods have been developed using different pump wavelengths which represent mature laser technology. For example, 1.54μm from Er:YAG or non-linear conversion from Nd:YAG (1.064μm); 2.1μm from Ho derived from Tm at 1.97μm, or co-doped Ho:Tm in a fibre. These approaches produce the required pump wavelength for efficient 3-5μm generation using either ZGP or OPGaAs [1], however, they are less efficient than direct generation by quantum cascade lasers (QCL). The direct conversion from electrical to optical energy in a QCL is very efficient; wall-plug efficiencies of >10%, depending on wavelength and operating temperature, are typical. High efficiency, together with the high average powers that are now commercially available suggests that the QCL is an attractive laser for DIRCM.However, as protection measures and signal processing techniques advance, one can anticipate that the requirement for sophisticated laser emission in the MWIR becomes more refined. In particular, broadband emission covering a wider, continuous, spectral region will prove harder to counter than that from a few discrete wavelengths. A supercontinuum has been suggested as a possible mechanism for broadband emission. In most investigations into supercontinuum generation, the emphasis has been on producing a wide, flat spectrum covering several hundred nanometres in the visible, near and short wave infrared for stand-off spectroscopic sensing of chemical agents, atmospheric sensing or hyperspectral sensing. These supercontinua are characterised by a spectral bandwidth to pump wavelength ratio of, δλ/λ p >1 for a pump wavelength λ p in the visible or near infrared. In most applications, the simultaneous generation of a wide spectrum is not required; instead a tuned output suffices. This has the added benefit of improving the efficiency of the laser sensor system since wavelengths which are not required, are not generated. The problem is to understand how a limited continuum might be generated. In the context of DIRCM, the spectral requirement is to produce a controlled spectral emission which matches the 3-5μm atmospheric transmission window.In this paper, a theoretical calculation is presented which shows that a continuous spectrum spanning a few hundred nanometres in the mid infrared (δλ/λ p~0 .2) can be generated in a simple pump geometry from a mode-locked, ultra-short pulse train using self phase modulation (SPM). Spectral broadening centered on the CO 2 absorption band at 4.26μm can be excited to produce all wavelengths for emission in band IV DIRCM. The parameters which affect the spectral output such as pulse power, interaction length, pulse durati...

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Chalcogenide glass waveguides integrated with quantum cascade lasers for on-chip mid-IR photonic circuits

Cited by 40 publications

References 17 publications

Solution-processed chalcogenide glass for integrated single-mode mid-infrared waveguides

Solution-processed chalcogenide glass for integrated single-mode mid-infrared waveguides

Influence of annealing conditions on the optical and structural properties of spin-coated As_2S_3 chalcogenide glass thin films

Modelling of self phase modulation for broadband DIRCM lasers

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