“…In earlier studies, successful preparation of coatings containing magnesium on titanium (Ti) surfaces was achieved using techniques like sandblasting and electrophoretic deposition (EPD). 55,56 In comparison to these methods, the hydrothermal reaction used in this study requires neither specialized equipment nor complex procedures. Moreover, in this reaction system, only Mg(NO 3 ) 2 and urea were used and reacted as following:(NH 2 ) 2 CO + H 2 O → 2NH 3 + CO 2 , 2NH 3 + H 2 O → 2NH 4+ + OH − CO 2 + H 2 O → CO 3 2− + 2H − , Mg 2+ + CO 3 2− → MgCO 3 …”