BackgroundThe marine autotrophic phytoplankton is responsible for approximately half of global primary production on Earth, and as the planktonic consumers, the heterotrophic zooplankton could link the phytoplankton and higher trophic level to complete the aquatic Food Web. Despite the interaction between phytoplankton and zooplankton has played important roles in speciation and ecosystem function, little is known about the spatial patterns of their interactions at the continental scale.ResultsHere, we collected 251 seawater samples along 13,000 km of Chinese coastline, and microscopically investigated the spatial gradient patterns of phytoplanktonic and zooplanktonic diversities. In total, 307 phytoplanktonic and 311 zooplanktonic species were visually identified. The distance-decay relationships showed higher turnover rates for zooplankton than phytoplankton, indicating zooplankton had more divergent compositions across larger distances. Furthermore, the zooplankton-phytoplankton interaction networks demonstrated more complex and numerous connections along the southern coast than in the north, suggesting the interactions between these two major planktonic groups had a geographic spatial pattern. The types of planktonic interactions changed along the latitudinal gradient, with positive interactions dominant in northern and middle regions, while the percentage of positive and negative interactions were approximately equal in the southern latitudinal region. Additionally, some particular association between zooplanktonic and phytoplanktonic groups were found to be localized in specific regions, such as autotrophic C. lorenzianus was only associated with heterotrophic Copepoda in northern region, and C. oculus-iridis was only associated with Copepoda and Chaetognatha in the middle (ECS) and southern (SCS) respectively.ConclusionsWe demonstrate here that not only the planktonic biodiversity and community structure exhibited a clear spatial pattern, but also the interaction between phytoplankton and zooplankton also changed with spatial variation. Our results provide a valuable ecological perspective to the biogeography patterns of coastal plankton along the large-scale spatial gradients, and have important implications for understanding how complex planktonic species interactions changed with location variation.