Ch. 9: Human Health. Climate Change Impacts in the United States: The Third National Climate Assessment

Luber, George; Knowlton, Kim; Balbus, John; Frumkin, Howard; Hayden, Mary H.; Hess, Jeremy; McGeehin, Michael A.; Sheats, Nicky; Backer, Lorrie C.; Beard, Charles B.; Ebi, Kristie L.; Maibach, Edward; Ostfeld, Richard S.; Wiedinmyer, Christine; Zielinski-Gutiérrez, Emily; Ziska, Lewis H.

doi:10.7930/j0pn93h5

Cited by 76 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 249 publications

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“…Phoenix is the U.S. metropolitan area with the highest summer temperatures (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2012), averaging 74 days per year with daily maximum air temperatures at or above 40 • C. These high temperatures are shown to be associated with the highest risk for heat-related morbidity (Petitti, Hondula, Yang, Harlan, & Chowell, 2015), which can be particularly dangerous for the most socially vulnerable, low income, and isolated populations . Moreover, the desert Southwest is warming faster than most US regions and is projected to warm at a high rate in the coming decades (Karl, Melillo, & Peterson, 2009;Walsh et al, 2014), with the temperature change in the hottest days projected to increase by approximately 5.5-8.5 • C under a high emissions scenario (Luber et al, 2014).…”

Section: Study Sitementioning

confidence: 99%

Hot playgrounds and children's health: A multiscale analysis of surface temperatures in Arizona, USA

Vanos

Middel

McKercher

et al. 2016

Landscape and Urban Planning

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h i g h l i g h t s• A mismatch exists between remotely sensed and in situ urban surface temperatures (T s ).• The hottest T s in a Phoenix area neighborhood were found on playground surfaces.• Children are more vulnerable to the effects of heat stress and high T s than adults.• Shade of any type is found effective in reducing T s and improving thermal safety.• Data must be collected at the touch-scale for spatially accurate high T s mitigation. a r t i c l e i n f o b s t r a c tObjectives: To provide novel quantification and advanced measurements of surface temperatures (T s ) in playgrounds, employing multiple scales of data, and provide insight into hot-hazard mitigation techniques and designs for improved environmental and public health. Methods: We conduct an analysis of T s in two Metro-Phoenix playgrounds at three scales: neighborhood (1 km resolution), microscale (6.8 m resolution), and touch-scale (1 cm resolution). Data were derived from two sources: airborne remote sensing (neighborhood and microscale) and in situ (playground site) infrared T s (touch-scale). Metrics of surface-to-air temperature deltas ( T s-a ) and scale offsets (errors) are introduced. Results: Select in situ T s in direct sunlight are shown to approach or surpass values likely to result in burns to children at touch-scales much finer than T s resolved by airborne remote sensing. Scale offsets based on neighbourhood and microscale ground observations are 3.8 • C and 7.3 • C less than the T s-a at the 1 cm touch-scale, respectively, and 6.6 • C and 10.1 • C lower than touch-scale playground equipment T s , respectively. Hence, the coarser scales underestimate high T s within playgrounds. Both natural (tree) and artificial (shade sail) shade types are associated with significant reductions in T s . Conclusions: A scale mismatch exists based on differing methods of urban T s measurement. The sub-meter touch-scale is the spatial scale at which data must be collected and policies of urban landscape design and health must be executed in order to mitigate high T s in high-contact environments such as playgrounds. Shade implementation is the most promising mitigation technique to reduce child burns, increase park usability, and mitigate urban heating.

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Section: Study Sitementioning

confidence: 99%

Hot playgrounds and children's health: A multiscale analysis of surface temperatures in Arizona, USA

Vanos

Middel

McKercher

et al. 2016

Landscape and Urban Planning

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“…20–22 This dynamic may worsen the burden of hay fever by increasing both the pollen season length and the potency of pollen. 22–24 An increased burden may differentially impact people living in urban versus rural areas, and those of low socioeconomic status, children, and older adults 18 , because of the urban heat island effect, 25 poor housing conditions 26 and limited adaptive responses. 27 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure to Extreme Heat Events Is Associated with Increased Hay Fever Prevalence among Nationally Representative Sample of US Adults: 1997-2013

Upperman

Parker

Akinbami

et al. 2017

The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice

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Background Warmer temperature can alter seasonality of pollen as well as pollen concentration, and may impact allergic diseases such as hay fever. Recent studies suggest that extreme heat events will likely increase in frequency, intensity, and duration in coming decades in response to changing climate. Objective The overall objective of this study is to investigate if extreme heat events are associated with hay fever. Methods We linked National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) data from 1997 to 2013 (N=505,386 respondents) with extreme heat event data, defined as days when daily maximum temperature (TMAX) exceeded the 95th percentile values of TMAX for a 30-year reference period (1960–1989). We used logistic regression to investigate the associations between exposure to annual and seasonal extreme heat events and adult hay fever prevalence among the NHIS respondents. Results During 1997–2013, hay fever prevalence among adults 18 years and older was 8.43%. Age, race/ethnicity, poverty status, education, and sex were significantly associated with hay fever status. We observed that adults in the highest quartile of exposure to extreme heat events had a 7% increased odds of hay fever compared to those in the lowest quartile of exposure (Odds Ratios 1.07, 95% Confidence Interval: 1.02–1.11). This relationship was more pronounced for extreme heat events that occurred during spring season, with evidence of an exposure-response relationship (Ptrend <0.01). Conclusion Our data suggest that exposure to extreme heat events is associated with increased prevalence of hay fever among US adults.

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“…The effects of climate change on health are well established in the literature (Krueger, Biedrzycki, & Hoverter, ; Luber et al., ; Nichols, Maynard, Goodman, & Richardson, ; Patz, Frumkin, Holloway, Vimont, & Haines, ; Watts et al, 2015). By definition, climate change is any significant variation in the measures of climate lasting for an extended period (Environmental Protection Agency [EPA], ), while health is a state of total physical, social, and psychological well‐being of individuals (Kuhn & Rieger, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate change evidence and effects of climate‐change‐related diseases on children's health

Odunola

Odunsi

Daramola

2018

Environmental Quality Mgmt

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Children are usually perceived as the age group that is the most vulnerable to the effects of climate change. This paper examined the effects of climate‐change‐related diseases on children's health in the Abuja Municipal Area Council, the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria. Systematic random sampling was used to select households from the 12 wards in the study area. A questionnaire focusing on perceived evidence of climate change and perceived factors contributing to the incidence of climate‐change‐related diseases was administered to 120 respondents. Hospital records of children under 13 years of age diagnosed with climate‐change‐related ailments were compiled. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Harsh weather conditions and the outbreak of tropical diseases were the most significant evidence of climate change, with both having the same households’ perceived climate change evidence agreement index (HPCCEAI) of 4.93. Increased pollution resulting from the use of domestic generators and industrial plants was the most perceived significant factor contributing to climate change with an HPCCEAI of 4.80, followed by incessant refuse burning (HPCCEAI = 4.68). Two of the most prevalent diseases were malaria (39.9%) and diarrhea (20.4%). The incidence of the diseases varied over the years. Infants (32.3%) and toddlers (24.0%), who were children less than 3 years of age, were found to be the most susceptible to climate‐change‐related diseases than other age groups. It is recommended that the government should make efforts to regulate climate change causative factors and improve the quality of health services rendered to children.

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Ch. 9: Human Health. Climate Change Impacts in the United States: The Third National Climate Assessment

Cited by 76 publications

References 249 publications

Hot playgrounds and children's health: A multiscale analysis of surface temperatures in Arizona, USA

Hot playgrounds and children's health: A multiscale analysis of surface temperatures in Arizona, USA

Exposure to Extreme Heat Events Is Associated with Increased Hay Fever Prevalence among Nationally Representative Sample of US Adults: 1997-2013

Climate change evidence and effects of climate‐change‐related diseases on children's health

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