CGRP‐Loaded Porous Microspheres Protect BMSCs for Alveolar Bone Regeneration in the Periodontitis Microenvironment

Abstract

Periodontitis is a prevalent dental disease marked by progressive destruction of tooth‐supporting tissues, and the recovery of bone defects after periodontitis remains challenging. Although stem cell‐based therapy is a promising treatment for periodontal tissue regeneration, the function of mesenchymal stem cells is constantly impaired by the inflammatory microenvironment, leading to compromised treatment outcomes. Herein, calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP)‐loaded porous microspheres (PMs) are prepared to protect bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) against inflammatory mediators in periodontitis. The released CGRP can effectively ameliorate the inflammation‐induced dysfunction of BMSCs, which may involve suppressing the ROS (reactive oxygen species)/NLRP3 (NOD‐, LRR‐, and pyrin domain‐containing protein 3)/Caspase‐1 (CASP1) pathway. Moreover, the porous architecture of PMs provides effective cell‐carrying capacity and physical protection for BMSCs during transplantation. In vivo experiments demonstrate that CGRP/BMSC‐loaded PMs can effectively inhibit inflammation and improve osteogenic activity, resulting in better periodontal bone regeneration. This study focuses on the protection of stem cell function in the inflammatory microenvironment, which is important for stem cell‐mediated tissue regeneration and repair under inflammatory conditions.

Effect of Dimethyloxalylglycine on Stem Cells Osteogenic Differentiation and Bone Tissue Regeneration—A Systematic Review

“…In the context of bone tissue regeneration, common sources for harvesting stem cells include bone marrow, adipose tissue, dental pulp tissue, and periodontal tissue, among others. Notably, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), adipose mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs), dental pulp mesenchymal stem cells (DPSCs), and periodontal membrane ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) have been frequently utilized in this domain [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. Furthermore, recent research has highlighted the potential of endometrial mesenchymal stem cells, which possess a strong capacity for proliferation, differentiation, and angiogenesis.…”

Hepatocyte growth factor and insulin-like growth factor-1 were used to repair bone-cartilage defects in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in a rabbit model of postmenopausal

“…In the growth factor-regulated microenvironment, implanted cells secrete matrix leading to the gradual formation of new tissues and the subsequent recovery of tissue defects [14,15]. At present, the implantation capacity of MSCs is poor, and frequent inflammation and ischemia limit the homing and survival of MSCs in vivo, leading to suboptimal repair of osteochondral defects [16][17][18][19]. Growth factors (GFs) are a class of proteins that guide cell differentiation and gene expression and regulate cell behavior by activating intracellular signaling pathways [20,21].…”

Emulsion-Templated Gelatin/Amino Acids/Chitosan Macroporous Hydrogels with Adjustable Internal Dimensions for Three-Dimensional Stem Cell Culture

“…Microspheres typically range in size from 50 to 500 μm, with pore sizes below 50 μm. GelMA and PLGA are commonly used materials for hydrogel microspheres due to their favorable biological properties. − …”