CFD modeling of gas–solid flow and cracking reaction in two-stage riser FCC reactors

The influence of the fluidization velocities on products yield and catalyst residence time in industrial risers

“…The Eulerian-Lagrangian approach has been largely used to describe the behavior of particulates in solid-gas flows; however such method requires a large computational effort [1]. In the present work, the Eulerian-Eulerian approach has been used due to less computational effort required; this approach has been followed by a number of the research groups [2][3][4]. In the Eulerian-Eulerian methodology the solid phase is treated as a continuum for all fluid dynamic purposes; the reactive system is then studied through the lumping approach which is shown to be very powerful when a large number of components is involved [5][6][7][8][9].…”

Toward Low-Temperature Coal Gasification: Experimental and Numerical Studies of Thermochemical Coal Conversion Considering the Interactions between Volatiles and Char Particles

“…To date, it has been mainly applied in investigations of hydrogenation or the catalytic cracking of heavy oil (Lan et al, 2009;Theologos and Markatos, 1993).…”

Comparison of model predictive control strategies for a fluidized catalytic cracker

“…Even CFD models describe the behaviour of the riser [13] or the regenerator. Generally, the riser model complexity depends only on the number of lumps used to describe the cracking kinetics.…”

“…The number of lumps involved in the models of the literature varies a lot and some models, especially those with a large number of lumps, do not provide the heats of reaction which are necessary for describing the energy balance in the riser. Among these cracking models, can be mentioned three lumps [33], four lumps [34,35], five lumps [36], six lumps [37], seven lumps [38], eight lumps [39,40], nine lumps [41], ten lumps [42], fourteen lumps [13,43]. For control purposes, a large number of lumps is not necessary but the energy balance is of prime importance.…”