Cessation of<i>Trichinella spiralis</i>Transmission Among Scavenging Mammals After the Removal of Infected Pigs From a Poorly Managed Farm: Implications for Trichinae Transmission in the US

Hill, Dolores E.; Pierce, Vern L.; Murrell, K. D.; Ratliffe, N.; Rupp, B.; Fournet, Valsin M.; Zarlenga, Dante S.; Rosenthal, Benjamin M.; Gamble, H. Ray; Kelly, Kathleen M.; Dulin, M. V.

doi:10.1111/j.1863-2378.2009.01296.x

Cited by 22 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 36 publications

(71 reference statements)

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“…insectivores and rodents, in the transmission cycle. If we exclude rats where their function in the domestic cycle has been investigated (Schad et al, 1987;Stojcevic et al, 2004;Pozio and Murrell, 2006;Hill et al, 2010), very limited information dating back 50 years is available on Trichinella spp. in insectivores and rodents in the wild (Rausch, 1970).…”

Section: Future Challenges With Trichinella Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

New pieces of the Trichinella puzzle

Pozio

Zarlenga

2013

International Journal for Parasitology

168

145

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Contrary to our understanding of just a few decades ago, the genus Trichinella now consists of a complex assemblage of no less than nine different species and three additional genotypes whose taxonomic status remains in flux. New data and methodologies have allowed advancements in detection and differentiation at the population level which in turn have demonstrably advanced epidemiological, immunological and genetic investigations. In like manner, molecular and genetic studies have permitted us to hypothesise biohistorical events leading to the worldwide dissemination of this genus, and to begin crystalising the evolution of Trichinella on a macro scale. The identification of species in countries and continents otherwise considered Trichinella-free has raised questions regarding host adaptation and associations, and advanced important findings on the biogeographical histories of its members. Using past reviews as a backdrop, we have ventured to present an up-to-date assessment of the taxonomy, phylogenetic relationships and epidemiology of the genus Trichinella with additional insights on host species, survival strategies in nature and the shortcomings of our current understanding of the epidemiology of the genus. In addition, we have begun compiling information available to date on genomics, proteomics, transcriptomics and population studies of consequence in the hope we can build on this in years to come.

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Section: Future Challenges With Trichinella Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

New pieces of the Trichinella puzzle

Pozio

Zarlenga

2013

International Journal for Parasitology

168

145

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“…It is sporadically reported in free-ranging pigs and poorly managed domestic swine in the US [ 18 , 26 ]. Trichinella spiralis spills over into wildlife when there is a current or historic occurrence of the parasite in pigs [ 18 , 27 , 28 ]. For example, on a poorly managed pig farm in Maryland, the overall prevalence of T. spiralis in adjacent raccoon and opossum populations was 41% (7 of 17) 6 months after pigs had been depopulated from the farm [ 27 ].The prevalence of T. spiralis dropped to 10% (1 of 10) one year after pigs were depopulated and was undetectable (0 of 15) in wild scavengers 18 months after pigs were removed from the farm [ 27 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Trichinella spiralis spills over into wildlife when there is a current or historic occurrence of the parasite in pigs [ 18 , 27 , 28 ]. For example, on a poorly managed pig farm in Maryland, the overall prevalence of T. spiralis in adjacent raccoon and opossum populations was 41% (7 of 17) 6 months after pigs had been depopulated from the farm [ 27 ].The prevalence of T. spiralis dropped to 10% (1 of 10) one year after pigs were depopulated and was undetectable (0 of 15) in wild scavengers 18 months after pigs were removed from the farm [ 27 ]. A study conducted in 1993 demonstrated that 0.3% (4 of 1294) of domestic and 2.8% (5 of 179) of wild pigs in Florida had anti- Trichinella IgG in their sera [ 29 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High prevalence of Trichinella pseudospiralis in Florida panthers (Puma concolor coryi)

et al. 2015

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BackgroundParasites of the genus Trichinella are zoonotic nematodes common in carnivores throughout the world. We determined the prevalence and species of Trichinella infections in Florida panthers (Puma concolor coryi).MethodsTongues from Florida panthers were collected at necropsy and examined by pepsin-HCl artificial digestion for infection with Trichinella spp. DNA was extracted from larvae and multiplex PCR using Trichinella species-specific primers was used to genotype the worms.ResultsTrichinella spp. larvae were detected in 24 of 112 (21.4%; 14.6%–30.3%) panthers. Sixteen of the panthers (14.3%) were infected with T. pseudospiralis, 1 (0.9%) was infected with T. spiralis, and 2 (1.8%) had mixed infections of T. pseudospiralis and T. spiralis. Trichinella spp. larvae from 5 panthers were not identified at the species level due to degraded DNA.ConclusionsThis is the highest prevalence of T. pseudospiralis detected in North America up to now and suggests the Florida panther is a key mammalian reservoir of this parasite in southern Florida. Trichinella pseudospiralis can infect both mammals and birds indicating the source of infection for Florida panthers could be broader than believed; however, birds represent a small percentage (0.01%) of the cat’s diet. Since wild pigs (Sus scrofa) can be parasitized by both T. pseudospiralis and T. spiralis and these swine can comprise a large portion (~40%) of a panther’s diet in Florida, we believe that Florida panthers acquired these zoonotic parasites from feeding on wild pigs.

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“…Some preventative strategies for parasitic infections such as Trichinella and T. solium are improved living conditions by better sanitation, education and commercial pig production, regular monitoring and mandatory reporting for the pathogen (Nockler and Kapel 2007;Community E 2005), strict regulations in pig-farms and slaughterhouses (Gottstein et al 2009), adequate vaccination of pigs, health education and human mass chemotherapy (Gottstein et al 2009), pig corralling, and regulations for processing pork and pork products (Garcia et al 2007;Hill et al 2010). However, these preventative practices are not implemented in high-risk countries such as Eastern Europe, Asia, parts of South America and in the African subcontinent.…”

Section: Taenia (T Solium)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Zoonotic Diseases of Swine: Food-borne and Occupational Aspects of Infection

Thapaliya

Hanson

Kates

et al. 2014

Zoonoses - Infections Affecting Humans and Animals

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Swine and their products have become a central part of food systems around the world. Global pork production has rapidly increased over the past 30 years, leading to the intensification of the swine industry: though there are fewer farms now, those farms that do persist raise ever-larger numbers of animals. This increases the transmission of pathogens both amongst animal herds, and between animals and their human caretakers. Furthermore, increased stress to animals and the potential for amplification of pathogens in the farming environment can lead to a higher burden of disease-causing organisms in and on meat products, which then make their way to consumers world-wide. As such, swine and their meat products have the potential to introduce new zoonotic diseases into populations via multiple routes of transmission. Here we discuss several examples of zoonotic diseases of swine origin, reviewing diseases with bacterial, viral, or parasitic causes. Background and IntroductionPork is rapidly becoming the world's source of protein. Global pork production increased more than 80 % between 198580 % between and 201080 % between (Fournie et al. 2012, and this trend has led to the intensification of swine husbandry, with fewer and fewer facilities present, but each raising larger numbers of individual animals. China has been a driver of this market, accounting for approximately 50 % of total global pig production (Fournie et al. 2012). As swine production has intensified, so has concern over how these modifications in husbandry may affect the transmission of disease amongst pigs as well as to human caretakers. It has been estimated that more than 60 % of emerging diseases are zoonotic (Jones et al. 2008). A recent review (Fournie et al. 2012) identified 77 pathogens that had not been described in swine prior to 1985, including 39 viruses and 32 bacterial species. Not surprisingly, the top 20 % of pork-producing countries accounted for 82 % of these emerging pathogens. Of these 77 novel species found to infect swine, 30 (39 %) are zoonotic, and 23

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Cessation ofTrichinella spiralisTransmission Among Scavenging Mammals After the Removal of Infected Pigs From a Poorly Managed Farm: Implications for Trichinae Transmission in the US

Cited by 22 publications

References 36 publications

New pieces of the Trichinella puzzle

New pieces of the Trichinella puzzle

High prevalence of Trichinella pseudospiralis in Florida panthers (Puma concolor coryi)

Zoonotic Diseases of Swine: Food-borne and Occupational Aspects of Infection

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