Cervical vertebral malformation‐malarticulation syndrome in the Bernese mountain dog: clinical and magnetic resonance imaging features

Eagleson, J. S.; Díaz, Juan Sanz; Platt, Simon R.; Kent, Marc; Levine, Jonathan M.; Sharp, N. C. C.; Schatzberg, Scott J.

doi:10.1111/j.1748-5827.2009.00731.x

Cited by 20 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…In Doberman breed dogs, it has been reported that intervertebral disc degeneration and cord compression demonstrated in magnetic resonance imaging is not always associated with clinical signs (da Costa 2006a;De Deckeret al, 2010). This is in accord with studies performed in Bernese Mountain dogs, which suggests that compressive lesions detected in imaging may not be the sole mechanism in the pathogenesis of disc associated cervical spondylomyelopathy (Eagleson et al, 2009;De Decker et al, 2010). It is also reported that intervertebral disc degeneration and disc-associated compression of the spinal cord demonstrated in imaging in clinically normal Dobermans and Foxhounds were significantly associated with the older age category (>5 years), implying that these lesions are part of the aging process in dogs.…”

Section: αEtiology and Pathophysiologysupporting

confidence: 77%

Cervical spondylomyelopathy in dogs

Μουζακιτησ)

Kazakos

Patsikas

et al. 2017

J Hellenic Vet Med Soc

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ABSTRACT. Cervical spondylomyelopathy (CSM) is the most common disease of the cervical spine in large and giant breed dogs. Its exact aetiology is not known and the relevant pathophysiology is not clear; two clinical entities are currently recognised: disc-associated and osseous-associated spinal cord compression. History and clinical signs are indicative of cervical spondylomyelopathy, although its neurologic manifestation can vary from cervical pain only to tetraparesis and respiratory compromise. Imaging of the spine is fundamental for definitive diagnosis and includes radiography, myelography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. It is also the cornerstone of surgical planning. This is usually based on the subjective concept of dynamic or static compressive lesions. Among the advanced imaging techniques, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to myelography for diagnosis of cervical spondylomyelopathy, although, at present, these techniques can be considered complementary. Furthermore, attention is drawn to the false positive interpretations of magnetic resonance findings, which are related to clinically irrelevant spinal cord compression. Hence, the degree of agreement between neuroanatomic localization and neuroimaging is of the outmost importance. Conservative treatment consists of strict restriction of the animal and the use of steroid or non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs. Objective of surgical treatment is to decompress the spinal cord. However, the decision-making process of surgical treatment is more complicated, because a large number of different surgical techniques have been proposed. Adjacent segment disease is a controversial complication of the surgical treatment of disk-associated cervical spondylomyelopathy and recently introduced motion-preserving techniques are targeted on reducing its occurrence. Significant prognostic information for focal parenchymal damage may derive from magnetic resonance imaging studies, but this remains to be further clarified.

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Section: αEtiology and Pathophysiologysupporting

confidence: 77%

Cervical spondylomyelopathy in dogs

Μουζακιτησ)

Kazakos

Patsikas

et al. 2017

J Hellenic Vet Med Soc

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“…Nevertheless, the high prevalence of CSM in some dog breeds, particularly Doberman pinschers and Great Danes, but also Bernese Mountain dogs, Bull Mastiffs, Weimaraners and Rottweilers suggests a breed predisposition of this disease that, even if not related to breed conformation, may have a genetic origin (Trotter et al, 1976; Raffe and Knecht, 1978; Lewis, 1992; Burbidge et al, 1994; Eagleson et al, 2009; da Costa, 2010; da Costa et al, 2012; Lewis et al, 2013). No genetic studies have been performed in CSM-affected Great Danes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are reports of CSM in various giant breeds, including Great Danes, Bernese mountain dogs, Bull Mastiffs and Boerboel dogs (Wright et al, 1973; Raffe and Knecht, 1978; Olsson et al, 1982; Lewis, 1992; Gray et al, 2003; Eagleson et al, 2009). In the Great Dane, it has been suggested that a combination of large head, relatively long neck and rapid growth may cause abnormal forces on the cervical vertebral column and be involved in the pathogenesis of CSM (Wright et al, 1973).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body conformation in Great Danes with and without clinical signs of cervical spondylomyelopathy

Martín-Vaquero

Costa

2015

The Veterinary Journal

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It has been suggested that a combination of large head and long neck cause abnormal forces on the cervical vertebral column and are involved in the pathogenesis of cervical spondylomyelopathy (CSM) in Great Danes. The aim of this study was to compare the body conformation of 15 clinically normal and 15 CSM-affected Great Danes. There were no statistically significant differences between clinically normal and CSM-affected Great Danes in any body measurements. There were no significant associations between body conformation and the severity of neurological signs or cervical vertebral body dimensions determined by magnetic resonance imaging in CSM-affected Great Danes. The results of this study do not support the hypothesis that differences in body conformation related to head size, neck length, and body height and length, play a role in the pathogenesis of CSM in Great Danes.

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“…[299][300][301][302] These changes are more consistently present in young Great Danes and include narrowing and dorsoventral flattening of the cranial vertebral foramina of C5, C6, and C7. 307 In dogs, CSM has variable forms which differ between the Doberman pinscher and the giant breeds. In young thoroughbred horses, rottweilers, and basset hounds, these findings are more common at C3 and C4.…”

Section: Chiari-like Malformation (Caudal Occipital Malformation Syndmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tetraparesis, Hemiparesis, and Ataxia

Lorenz

2011

Handbook of Veterinary Neurology

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Cervical vertebral malformation‐malarticulation syndrome in the Bernese mountain dog: clinical and magnetic resonance imaging features

Cited by 20 publications

References 26 publications

Cervical spondylomyelopathy in dogs

Cervical spondylomyelopathy in dogs

Body conformation in Great Danes with and without clinical signs of cervical spondylomyelopathy

Tetraparesis, Hemiparesis, and Ataxia

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