“…For example, if women believe that anticipated benefit of doing behaviors to prevent cervical cancer outweigh the barriers to or cost of the preventive behaviors, they are more probably to obtain cervical cancer screening test. Previous researchers also have reported that women who perceived the Pap smear testing process as painful and embarrassing due to visiting by male provider had lower rates of routine cervical cancer screening (Boyer etal.,2001 ;Hoyo et al, 2005;Jennings, 1997, Ackerson K , 2010, Abdullahi 2009). In this study, Some participants from the focus groups and interviews mentioned off-putting experiences that they had experienced themselves or heard from others acting as a barrier to attending screening.…”