Cervical human papillomavirus infection among young women engaged in sex work in Phnom Penh, Cambodia: prevalence, genotypes, risk factors and association with HIV infection

Couture, Marie-Claude; Page, Kimberly; Stein, Ellen; Sansothy, Neth; Sichan, Keo; Kaldor, John; Evans, Jennifer L.; Maher, Lisa; Palefsky, Joel M.

doi:10.1186/1471-2334-12-166

Cited by 55 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…It is the third leading cause of death from cancer in women 15 to 34 years of age and the fifth leading cause of death in women 35 to 54 years of age, representing about 2% of all cancers in women in the United States. The disease is frequently found in women who have had multiple sex partners, smoking habits, and immune system dysfunctions (3). Cervical cancer is closely linked with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, and HPVs are detected in 90% of cervical cancer lesions (4)(5)(6).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cystatin E/M Suppresses Tumor Cell Growth through Cytoplasmic Retention of NF-κB

Soh

Venkatesan

Veena

et al. 2016

Molecular and Cellular Biology

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Cervical cancer is the second-most-common cancer responsible for cancer-related death in women around the world. The incidence is increasing, with 450,000 new cases diagnosed worldwide and 12,340 diagnosed in the United States annually (1, 2). It is the third leading cause of death from cancer in women 15 to 34 years of age and the fifth leading cause of death in women 35 to 54 years of age, representing about 2% of all cancers in women in the United States. The disease is frequently found in women who have had multiple sex partners, smoking habits, and immune system dysfunctions (3). Cervical cancer is closely linked with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, and HPVs are detected in 90% of cervical cancer lesions (4-6). While the E6 protein of HPV inactivates p53 and E7 inactivates the retinoblastoma (Rb) tumor suppressor protein, detailed studies on a large number of tumors indicate that viral infection alone is not sufficient for tumor development. Studies have also shown that 20 to 30 million Americans are infected with HPV (7). However, only those in a subset develop cervical cancer. Recently, HPVs have been implicated in the development of head and neck, lung, and breast cancers (8-10).Cystatins are inhibitors of cysteine proteases and are classified into a large superfamily subdivided into three families based on their location, size, and complexity of polypeptide chains (11-13). Cystatin E/M belongs to the type 2 cystatin family (cystatin C, D, E/M, F, S, SA, and SN), whose members are mainly secreted, and most of them are found abundantly in body fluids and tissues. Cystatin E/M is present as an unglycosylated 14-kDa form containing 149 amino acids and a 17-kDa form that is glycosylated. Loss of this protein seems to play a significant role in abnormal skin development (14). A null mutation of the mouse cystatin E/M gene is also correlated with development of the ichq phenotype, characterized by neonatal lethality, abnormal cornification, and desquamation. Cystatin E/M was initially identified as a downregulated transcript in metastatic breast cancers (15,16). A number of studies have implicated cystatin E/M as a human tumor suppressor gene that is inactivated in the cancers of the breast, cervix, prostate, brain, and stomach (17-23). Our studies have also shown that the inactivation of the gene is associated with homozygous deletion, promoter hypermethylation, and somatic mutations in primary tumor samples (19). Cystatin E/M gene is expressed in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) but not in metastatic breast cancer, pointing to inactivation during tumor progression (16)(17)(18)24). Finally, inactivation of cystatin E/M gene is associated with the loss of expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors and HER4, indicating an association with these proteins in the development of invasive breast cancers (25). However, the molecular mechanism of cystatin E/M-mediated tumor cell growth inhibition is not yet understood.Cathepsins include a broad range of proteases, the serine (A

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confidence: 99%

Cystatin E/M Suppresses Tumor Cell Growth through Cytoplasmic Retention of NF-κB

Soh

Venkatesan

Veena

et al. 2016

Molecular and Cellular Biology

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“…Evidence of higher HPV clearance in women older than 45 years as compared to those less than 25 years of age is relatively scarce. 12 On the other hand, poorer HPV clearance in women older than 45 years as compared to those less than 20 years of age, 28 decreased HPV clearance with increasing age, 22,29 and even no difference in clearance rates among different age cohorts has been reported previously. 25,30–32 Treatment of HIV infection with antiretroviral therapy at baseline was not statistically significantly associated with increased clearance..…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…The proposed reasons for this include higher rates of sexual exposure, increased likelihood of reactivation of latent infections, and increased susceptibility for HPV infection among HIV-seropositive women. 3,12 We observed an overall incidence rate for ‘any HPV’ infection as 11.1 per 100 person-years, which is higher than that reported in the only Indian study in HIV-seronegative women (5 per 1000 woman-months, equivalent to 6 per 100 person-years) as well as the rates reported (ranging between 3.1 and 9.5 per 100 person-years) in similar studies among HIV-seronegative women elsewhere. 13–16 On the other hand, as compared to estimates reported in HIV-seropositive women globally, the incidence rate for ‘any HPV infection’ (11.1 per 100 person-years) and ‘carcinogenic HPV infection’ (6.7 per 100 person-years) were significantly lower than the corresponding rates (ranging between 57.4–68.9 person-years for ‘any HPV’, and 8.1–38.2 per 100 person-years for ‘carcinogenic HPV’).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rates and determinants of incidence and clearance of cervical HPV genotypes among HIV-seropositive women in Pune, India

Mane

Sahasrabuddhe

Nirmalkar

et al. 2017

Journal of Clinical Virology

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Background Several studies in recent years have documented the genotype-specific prevalence of HPV infection and wide diversity and multiplicity of HPV genotypes among HIV-seropositive women. Yet, information on changes in HPV genotype-specific incidence and clearance rates over time, and their correlation with clinical or immunologic factors among HIV-seropositive women is scarce. Objectives We conducted a prospective study to investigate the incidence and clearance rates of cervical HPV genotypes among HIV-seropositive women in India and expand the evidence base in this area of research. Study design Cervical samples were collected from n=215 HIV-seropositive women in Pune, India who underwent two screening visits separated by a median of 11-months (interquartile range: 8–18 months). HPV genotypes were determined by Roche Linear Array HPV assay. Individual genotype-specific and carcinogenicity-grouping-specific HPV incidence and clearance rates were calculated and the associations between incidence/clearance and age and HIV-related metrics were explored. Results Incidence and clearance rates for ‘any HPV’ and ‘carcinogenic HPV’ genotypes were 11.1 and 18.3, and 6.7 and 33.8, per 100 person-years, respectively. Incidence and clearance rates for HPV genotypes of alpha-9 species (HPV16, HPV31, HPV33, HPV35, HPV52 and HPV58) and alpha-7 species (HPV18, HPV39, HPV45, HPV59 and HPV68) were 5.8 and 2.04, and 32.1 and 53.5, per 100 person-years, respectively. Clearance of any HPV type was associated with increasing age of participants (odds ratio: 1.08, 95%CI: 1.004–1.17), although the association marginally lost its statistical significance when adjusted for CD4 counts and antiretroviral therapy status. Conclusions Genotype-specific clearance rates of HPV were higher than corresponding incidence rates. The suggestion of a positive associations of increasing age with HPV clearance points to the need for etiologic studies on age-related hormonal changes on clearance of cervical HPV infection.

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“…The study population consisted of a convenience sample of 220 female entertainment and sex workers (FESW) in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, who participated in the Young Women's Health Study 2 (YWHS-2) (23), described in detail elsewhere (10, 24, 25). Briefly, the YWHS-2 was a prospective study conducted from August 2009 to August 2010 on the prevalence and incidence of STIs and HIV, sexual behaviors, reproductive health practices, drug use, and sociocultural determinants of HIV infection amongst FESW.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human papillomavirus knowledge, vaccine acceptance, and vaccine series completion among female entertainment and sex workers in Phnom Penh, Cambodia: the Young Women’s Health Study

et al. 2014

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Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) and the causative agent for cervical cancer, a frequently occurring malignant disease among women in developing countries. We assessed HPV awareness prior to the delivery of a brief information and education intervention, and HPV vaccine provision to female entertainment and sex workers (N=220). At baseline, only 23.6% of women had heard of HPV. Following the educational intervention, 90% answered all the HPV knowledge questions correctly. Of 192 participants attending the first quarterly cohort visit where vaccine was offered, 149 (78%) were eligible for vaccination; HIV-positive (n=32) and pregnant (n=11) women were excluded. Acceptance of vaccine among eligible women was universal, and 79.2% completed the three-dose vaccination series. Women who reported use of amphetamine type stimulants (ATS) had significantly and independently lower odds of vaccine completion (Adjusted OR 0.24; 95% CI 0.08, 0.69). New pregnancies also had an impact on vaccine completion: 5.4% (8/149 5.4%) who started the series had to stop due to new pregnancy. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of a simple education intervention designed to increase HPV knowledge and the feasibility of successful HPV vaccine in a population that is often difficult to engage in preventive health care.

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Cervical human papillomavirus infection among young women engaged in sex work in Phnom Penh, Cambodia: prevalence, genotypes, risk factors and association with HIV infection

Cited by 55 publications

References 55 publications

Cystatin E/M Suppresses Tumor Cell Growth through Cytoplasmic Retention of NF-κB

Cystatin E/M Suppresses Tumor Cell Growth through Cytoplasmic Retention of NF-κB

Rates and determinants of incidence and clearance of cervical HPV genotypes among HIV-seropositive women in Pune, India

Human papillomavirus knowledge, vaccine acceptance, and vaccine series completion among female entertainment and sex workers in Phnom Penh, Cambodia: the Young Women’s Health Study

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