Cervical diameter in relation to uterine and cervical EMG activity in early postpartum dairy cows with retained placentas after PGF2alpha induced calving

Engelen, E. van; Taverne, M.A.M.; Everts, M. E.; Weijden, G.C. van der; Doornenbal, Arie; Dwarkasing, V.N.A. Breeveld

doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2007.04.054

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…At −1 w, a high blood neutrophil count, an increased concentration of IL-8, and a detectable IL1 and AGP concentrations were measured in CC and CH cows. The present results agree with the increase in expression of IL-8 enabling the influx of neutrophils in the cervical tissue that excretes the matrix metalloproteinase which contributes to the softening of the cervix (37,38). Moreover, parturition is associated with the local accumulation of IL8, which acts synergistically with PGE2 to attract polymorphonuclear neutrophils.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Moreover, parturition is associated with the local accumulation of IL8, which acts synergistically with PGE2 to attract polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Hence, activation of placental leukocyte population releases proteolytic enzymes that degrade the caruncles, thus facilitating fetal membrane separation and advancing the progression of labor (37,39). Therefore, fetal membrane separation is directly linked to inflammatory changes in the uteroplacental interface.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pre- and Post-partum Concentrations of Interleukin 1α, Interleukin 8, and α1-Acid Glycoprotein in Vaginal Fornix and Endometrium of Dairy Cows With Clinical Cervicitis

et al. 2021

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Innate immunity is the principal sensor responsible of the local immune response to control mucosal bacterial contamination of the reproductive tract after parturition, triggering a pro-inflammatory process in the mucosa of the uterus, the vaginal and the cervix. However, knowledge about the inflammation process and outcome of the cervix in dairy cows is scarce even though it plays an important anatomic and functional role between the vagina and the uterus. The objective of the present study was to describe the cellular and humoral local innate immune response during clinical cervicitis (CC) in the uterus and vaginal fornix in pre- and post-partum periods of dairy cows. A retrospective descriptive study was performed involving 26 animals, characterized as clinical cervicitis cows (n = 19) and healthy cows (n = 7). Blood and mucus of the different compartments of the genital tract were sampled and records of the cows' genital exam were performed four times: −1 w (day −7 ± 2, prepartum), +1 w (day +7 ± 4), +3 w (day +21 ± 4) and +5 w (day +35 ± 4) postpartum. Clinical cervicitis was defined as cows exhibiting a cervix grade−2 and healthy cows were defined as a cow clinically normal with a grade-0 cervix at time +5 w. Blood white cell count, vaginal fornix and endometrial neutrophils percentage, and the concentrations of interleukin 1α (IL1), interleukin 8 (IL8), and α1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) in mucus were determined. The results showed that 23% of the cows were categorized as CC at time +5 w. Cases of CC with purulent vaginal discharge or subclinical endometritis shown the highest cytokine production. At +3 w, IL1, IL8, and AGP concentrations in the uterus and the fornix were significantly higher in CC than healthy cows (CH). In conclusion, the 3-week postpartum is a critical point to evaluate cytokines and acute phase proteins; where IL1 and IL8 variation kept a direct relation with neutrophils numbers and function. The presence of AGP in the endometrium infer a homeostatic proinflammatory protective balance effect, modulating the local uterine innate immune response during peripartum.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pre- and Post-partum Concentrations of Interleukin 1α, Interleukin 8, and α1-Acid Glycoprotein in Vaginal Fornix and Endometrium of Dairy Cows With Clinical Cervicitis

et al. 2021

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“…As the cervix starts to regain its firm structure and the cervical diameter shrinks to 5.3 cm (±1.0) at 48 h postpartum (van Engelen et al, 2007), we assumed that examination of the cervix by palpation and ultrasound would be possible at this early stage of involution. Thus, we decided to include cows as early as 48 h postpartum as well.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, cervical closure and regaining the firm structure of the cervix after parturition are important for reproductive performance (van Engelen et al, 2007). Besides purulent uterine discharge, delayed involution of the cervix is the only other predictive sign for reduced pregnancy rate, and it has been considered a simple and objective clinical finding for the diagnosis of CE (LeBlanc et al, 2002a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of transrectal examination of cervical diameter by palpation in dairy cows

Leutert

Suthar

Heuwieser

2013

Journal of Dairy Science

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The objective of the study was to evaluate the reliability of a manual assessment of cervical diameter through palpation. In an in vivo trial, 64 Holstein-Friesian cows between 2 and 5d in milk (DIM) and between 21 and 27 DIM were examined by transrectal palpation by 3 investigators. For calculation of sensitivity and specificity, ultrasound-generated measurements were used as reference standard; a cervix >7.5 cm was categorized as large. The Pearson coefficient of correlation between the results of the 3 investigators and ultrasound-generated measurements was moderate (r=0.71, 0.74, and 0.51). The estimates generated by palpation by the 3 different investigators did not differ and were similar to measurements obtained by ultrasound. The coefficient of variation (CV) between the investigators and ultrasound was high (20.9, 18.7, and 32.0%). The mean difference between the investigators and the ultrasound was 0.60 cm (95% confidence interval: -2.4 to 3.6). Sensitivity was 28.6, 42.9, and 42.9%, and specificity was 100, 96.2, and 92.6% for the ability of the 3 investigators, respectively, to detect the 7.5-cm cutoff by palpation. Overall sensitivity and specificity for all 3 investigators, considering ultrasound as the reference, were 37.5 and 96.2%, respectively. In vitro, 24 wooden cylinders were used to represent cervical diameter and to examine the reliability, as well as sensitivity and specificity, of manual assessment of different diameters. The Pearson coefficient of correlation between the results of the investigators (n=11) and the actual diameters of the cylinders was 0.78. The CV between the investigators and the cylinders was 27.8%. The variation in the results was greater for cylinders with a larger diameter (3.5-cm diameter: mean ± standard deviation = 2.6 ± 0.9 cm; 10.5-cm diameter: mean ± standard deviation = 13.2 ± 4.0 cm). The estimate obtained by palpation for the 7.5-cm cylinder was 7.4 ± 2.1cm. Sensitivity was 79.4% and specificity 92.5%. After training one group of investigators, sensitivity and specificity improved to 85.9 and 94.4%, respectively. Transrectal palpation of the cervical diameter shows moderate repeatability and correlation and high variation between the investigators and the reference standards. Variability increased with larger diameters.

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“…Before a cow is likely to conceive, it has to undergo cervical and uterine involutions (6). For the establishment of a new pregnancy in dairy cows, the uterus must return to its normal prepartum condition (7) and the cervix should close and regain its normal size and structure quickly (8).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transrectal Ultrasonography and Rectal Palpation for Judging Uterine and Cervical Involutions in Buffalo: A Comparative Study

Ramoun¹,

Almadaly²,

Hattab³

et al. 2019

SVR

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Uterine and cervical involutions were judged by transrectal ultrasonography (US) versus rectal palpations (RP) in buffaloes (n = 26). The diameters of the pregravid uterine horn (PGUHD) and cervix (CvD) were estimated by both transrectal US and RP every three days until gross uterine or cervical involution. Also, the US-measured PGUHD and CvD were recorded on the day of gross uterine or cervical involution on the basis of RP. The combined thickness of the myometrium and perimetrium of the pregravid uterine horn (PGUHMPT) and cervical wall thickness (CvWT) were parallelly estimated with USmeasuring of PGUHD and CvD. The intervals to gross uterine (P < 0.05) and cervical (P < 0.01) involutions, on the basis of RP, were shorter than those on the basis of US. Both US-measured PGUHD and PGUHMPT, on the day of involution on the basis of US, were less than their US-measured counterparts on the day of gross involution on the basis of RP. Both US-measured CvD and CvWT, on the day of cervical involution on the basis of US, were less than their US-measured counterparts on the day of involution on the basis of RP. It is concluded that US-measuring of the pregravid uterine horn diameter and the combined thickness of myometrium and perimetrium as well as CvD and CvWT, is more accurate than RP-measuring of diameters of pregravid uterine horn and cervix for assessing the involution of the reproductive tract in buffaloes.

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Cervical diameter in relation to uterine and cervical EMG activity in early postpartum dairy cows with retained placentas after PGF2alpha induced calving

Cited by 9 publications

References 33 publications

Pre- and Post-partum Concentrations of Interleukin 1α, Interleukin 8, and α1-Acid Glycoprotein in Vaginal Fornix and Endometrium of Dairy Cows With Clinical Cervicitis

Pre- and Post-partum Concentrations of Interleukin 1α, Interleukin 8, and α1-Acid Glycoprotein in Vaginal Fornix and Endometrium of Dairy Cows With Clinical Cervicitis

Evaluation of transrectal examination of cervical diameter by palpation in dairy cows

Transrectal Ultrasonography and Rectal Palpation for Judging Uterine and Cervical Involutions in Buffalo: A Comparative Study

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