Cervical Central Canal Occlusion Induces Noncommunicating Syringomyelia

Zhang, Yongjie; Shields, Lisa B. E.; Zheng, Yiyan; Xu, Xiao–Ming; Whittemore, Scott R.; Shields, Christopher B.

doi:10.1227/neu.0b013e31824d18ae

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…In our study, ependymal cells increased with the development of syringomyelia, which confirmed previous findings [13]. On the one hand, our results indicate that ependymal cells play an important role in the pathophysiological process of syrinx formation; on the other hand, ependymal cell proliferation may also be one of the secondary pathological results of syringomyelia.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…These diseases all lead to changes in the fluid dynamics of CSF in the subarachnoid space, thus favoring the flow of CSF from the subarachnoid space into the central canal [ 29 , 30 ]. Some studies have confirmed that CSF passes through the spinal cord to communicate between the subarachnoid space and central canal [ 13 , 26 , 31 – 33 ]. In our model, CSF flow was blocked due to extradural compression.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To study a disease, researchers must establish a reproducible animal model that displays high similarity to human disease. Previous methods for establishment of a model of syringomyelia include injecting excitotoxic acid into the spinal cord parenchyma [9,12] or kaolin into the subarachnoid space [13] and cisterna magna [6,[14][15][16][17][18][19], or inducing spinal cord injury by a spinal cord impactor [20]. Kaolin can spread in the vertebral canal and cause wide intraspinal inflammation.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These factors have limited the experimental study of the molecular mechanisms and therapeutics for syringomyelia. Previous models have used both canalicular [13,16,21,22] and noncanalicular [23] syringomyelia to mimic different causes. Most syringomyelia in humans is located in the central canal.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chronic extradural compression of spinal cord leads to syringomyelia in rat model

Yao

Zhang

et al. 2020

Fluids Barriers CNS

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Background: Syringomyelia is a common spinal cord lesion. However, whether CSF blockage is linked to the formation and enlargement of syringomyelia is still controversial. The current model of syringomyelia needs modification to more closely mimic the clinical situation. Methods: We placed cotton strips under the T13 lamina of 40 8-week-old rats and blocked CSF flow by extradural compression. After 4 and 8 weeks, MRI was performed to evaluate the morphology of syringomyelia and the ratio of spinal cord diameter to syrinx diameter calculated. Locomotor function was evaluated weekly. Spinal cord sections, staining and immunohistochemistry were performed 8 weeks after surgery, the ratio of the central canal to the spinal cord area was calculated, and ependymal cells were counted. In another experiment, we performed decompression surgery for 8 rats with induced syringomyelia at the 8th week after surgery. During the surgery, the cotton strip was completely removed without damaging the dura mater. Then, the rats received MRI imaging during the following weeks and were sacrificed for pathological examination at the end of the experiment. Results: Syringomyelia formed in 82.5% (33/40) of rats at the 8-week follow-up. The Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) scores of rats in the experimental group decreased from 21.0±0.0 to 18.0 ±3.9 in the first week after operation but returned to normal in later weeks. The BBB score indicated that the locomotor deficit caused by compression is temporary and can spontaneously recover. MRI showed that the syrinx is located in the center of the spinal cord, which is very similar to the most common syringomyelia in humans. The ratio of the central canal to the spinal cord area reached (2.9 ± 2.0) × 10 −2 , while that of the sham group was (5.4 ± 1.5) × 10 −4. The number of ependymal cells lining the central canal was significantly increased (101.9 ± 39.6 vs 54.5 ± 3.4). There was no syrinx or proliferative inflammatory cells in the spinal cord parenchyma. After decompression, the syringomyelia size decreased in 50% (4/8) of the rats and increased in another 50% (4/8). Conclusion: Extradural blockade of CSF flow can induce syringomyelia in rats. Temporary locomotor deficit occurred in some rats. This reproducible rat model of syringomyelia, which mimics syringomyelia in humans, can provide a good model for the study of disease mechanisms and therapies.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chronic extradural compression of spinal cord leads to syringomyelia in rat model

Yao

Zhang

et al. 2020

Fluids Barriers CNS

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“… 3 Therefore, canicular syringomyelia is closer to hydromyelia, which is similar to subacute or chronic non-communicating hydrocephalus. 27 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single-cell transcriptomics reveals ependymal subtypes related to cytoskeleton dynamics as the core driver of syringomyelia pathological development

Wang

et al. 2023

iScience

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Upper end of the central canal of the human spinal cord: Quantitative anatomical study and 3D modeling

Lefevre,

Quang,

Chotard

et al. 2024

Clinical Anatomy

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The upper end of the central canal of the human spinal cord has been repeatedly implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases, yet its precise normal position in the medulla oblongata and upper cervical spinal cord remains unclear. The purpose of this study is to describe the anatomy of the upper end of the central canal with quantitative measurements and a three‐dimensional (3D) model. Seven formalin‐embalmed human brainstems were included, and the central canal was identified in serial axial histological sections using epithelial membrane antigen antibody staining. Measurements included the distances between the central canal (CC) and the anterior medullary fissure (AMF) and the posterior medullary sulcus (PMS). The surface and perimeter of the CC and the spinal cord were calculated, and its anterior–posterior and maximum lateral lengths were measured for 3D modeling. The upper end of the CC was identified in six specimens, extending from the apertura canalis centralis (ACC) to its final position in the cervical cord. Positioned on the midline, it reaches its final location approximately 15 mm below the obex. No specimen showed canal dilatation, focal stenosis, or evidence of syringomyelia. At 21 mm under the ACC in the cervical cord, the median distance from the CC to the AMF was 3.14 (2.54–3.15) mm and from the CC to the PMS was 5.19 (4.52–5.43) mm, with a progressive shift from the posterior limit to the anterior third of the cervical spinal cord. The median area of the CC was consistently less than 0.1 mm2. The upper end of the CC originates at the ACC, in the posterior part of the MO, and reaches its normal position in the anterior third of the cervical spinal cord less than 2 cm below the obex. Establishing the normal position of the upper end of this canal is crucial for understanding its possible involvement in cranio‐cervical junction pathologies.

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Cervical Central Canal Occlusion Induces Noncommunicating Syringomyelia

Abstract: The proposed MP-SWI demonstrates the feasibility of simultaneously visualizing nerves and vessels of the lower extremities without using an exogenous contrast agent. It may enable straightforward localization of a disease process to a specific nerve and vessel.

Cited by 12 publications

References 62 publications

Chronic extradural compression of spinal cord leads to syringomyelia in rat model

Chronic extradural compression of spinal cord leads to syringomyelia in rat model

Single-cell transcriptomics reveals ependymal subtypes related to cytoskeleton dynamics as the core driver of syringomyelia pathological development

Upper end of the central canal of the human spinal cord: Quantitative anatomical study and 3D modeling

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