CERN'S 400 GeV Super Proton Synchrotron

Abstract

CC`C-tl30S-0188/7S;'0003-03i2S10.!0/l existing laboratory could be used for the new advanced in the world.existing installations and all of the services of the message switching system. is one of the most could be made inthe project costs since many ofthe control computers connected through a high speed existing CERN Laboratory considerable reductions technologies. The control system. which involves 24 problems. By building the new machine next to the systems all required major extensions to existing by the CERN Council were aimed at avoiding these and the proton injection. extraction and transport proposed in thc project which was hnally accepted frequency accelerating system. the vacuum system. the new machine became operational. The changesComponents such as the magnet system. the high the existing CERN Laboratory near Geneva once thousands of components of the machine is novel.survey system set up in this tunnel to align the many site for the new machine, and the uncertain future of ofthe original project, thc difficulty in agreeing on a new developments described below. Similarly, the decision to construct the SPS were the very high cost as the fundamental reference, required a number ofThe reasons for the long delay in reaching a this boring machine. using the Earth`s rotational axis ably.faced boring machine. and the guidance system for the design of the accelerator had changed consider 7 km in circumference, was carried out with a full gave its approval to the project, and by that time tion with twelve Member States and a proposal to States of CERN; longer than it took to construct the countries take part. CERN is a European Organiza conclusion and to gain the agreement ofthe Member involves a decision making procedure in which many However, it took several years to reach this case, it is built on an international basis, it also there was no problem in choosing a site.technologies and many disciplines. lf, as was the only be realized on the site proposed, and hence described in the following articles, involves many in doubt. Furthermore. the cost reductions couldSuper Proton Synchrotron, SPS, at CERN, which is part of the new project and its future was no longerA very large particle accelerator like the 400 GeV machine. The existing laboratory therefore became John B. Adams FRS PLANS AND CONCEPTS well End application in other complex projects needing monitoring and control.water system, and last but by no means least the novel computer control philosophy and techniques which may aspects of the 6.9 km tunnel, its survey and alignment, the voltage stabilization of the power supply, the cooling articles deal with the magnets, the vacuum system, the radioirequency acceleration system, the civil engineering design and construction are recorded by the Project Team who were responsibie for this success story. The missioned it worked first time and has since then exceeded expectations. Here the details oi its interdisciplinary Geneva, Switzerland, required both and yet it was built within the time and cost estim...

The Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS): A Tale of Two Lives

“…In the dynamic cooling method, the microwave power can be reduced so much that very little heat is generated in the material, thus allowing the target to be cooled with 3 He evaporation refrigerators at 0.5 K temperature, and even lower with 3 He- 4 He dilution refrigerators, with large gains in the polarization.…”

“…Importantly, the much lower temperatures available by 3 He- 4 He dilution refrigeration (Fig. 5.20) enable "freezing" the polarization.…”

“…Later in the year, the West Hall received the first extracted beams, initially limited to 200 GeV not to exceed the legal radiation background levels [3,4]. The experiments were already installed and the experimental programme could start without delay.…”