Cerium-Promoted Ginsenosides Accumulation by Regulating Endogenous Methyl Jasmonate Biosynthesis in Hairy Roots of Panax ginseng

Abstract

Among rare earth elements, cerium has the unique ability of regulating the growth of plant cells and the biosynthesis of metabolites at different stages of plant development. The signal pathways of Ce3+-mediated ginsenosides biosynthesis in ginseng hairy roots were investigated. At a low concentration, Ce3+ improved the elongation and biomass of hairy roots. The Ce3+-induced accumulation of ginsenosides showed a high correlation with the reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as the biosynthesis of endogenous methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and ginsenoside key enzyme genes (PgSS, PgSE and PgDDS). At a Ce3+ concentration of 20 mg L−1, the total ginsenoside content was 1.7-fold, and the total ginsenosides yield was 2.7-fold that of the control. Malondialdehyde (MDA) content and the ROS production rate were significantly higher than those of the control. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was significantly activated within the Ce3+ concentration range of 10 to 30 mg L−1. The activity of catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) strengthened with the increasing concentration of Ce3+ in the range of 20–40 mg L−1. The Ce3+ exposure induced transient production of superoxide anion (O2•−) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Together with the increase in the intracellular MeJA level and enzyme activity for lipoxygenase (LOX), there was an increase in the gene expression level of MeJA biosynthesis including PgLOX, PgAOS and PgJMT. Our results also revealed that Ce3+ did not directly influence PgSS, PgSE and PgDDS activity. We speculated that Ce3+-induced ROS production could enhance the accumulation of ginsenosides in ginseng hairy roots via the direct stimulation of enzyme genes for MeJA biosynthesis. This study demonstrates a potential approach for understanding and improving ginsenoside biosynthesis that is regulated by Ce3+-mediated signal transduction.

Optimal NPK Fertilizer Combination Increases Panax ginseng Yield and Quality and Affects Diversity and Structure of Rhizosphere Fungal Communities

“…Ginsenosides have a variety of pharmacological activities, including preventing neurological diseases, increasing immune function, delaying aging, and improving sleep (Kim et al, 2018 ; Jin et al, 2021 ). Although the importance and yield of ginsenosides have been widely studied, the yield of ginsenosides remains low (Zhang et al, 2021a ; He et al, 2022 ). Therefore, it is urgent to optimize ginseng cultivation techniques and increase ginsenoside yields to meet medicinal needs.…”

Advance in Cell Cultures, Cell Fusion and Cell Splitting of Medicinal and Edible Plant

“…Although there were reports of ginseng callus culture in the 1960s, in vitro culture of ginseng cell are relatively delayed due to the slow growth and low content of target active ingredients in ginseng callus [33,34]. While Research on hairy root of ginseng has made great progress like regulating endogenous methyl jasmonate biosynthesis [35,36].…”

Influence of Nutrient (NPK) Factors on Growth, and Pharmacodynamic Component Biosynthesis of Atractylodes chinensis: An Insight on Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (ACC), 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-CoA Reductase (HMGR), and Farnesyl Pyrophosphate Synthase (FPPS) Signaling Responses

“…However, plant secondary metabolites are regulated by many enzymes and genes owing to their diversity and complex synthesis mechanisms (Pickett, 2014). Therefore, the in-depth exploration of metabolic pathways is key to clarifying the molecular mechanism of the biosynthesis of medicinal substances, improving the quality of medicinal materials, and solving the shortage of medicinal plant resources (Zhang et al, 2021). This study found that fertilizer application can induce changes in enzymes and gene levels in plants, promote the accumulation of secondary metabolites, and thus enhance plant growth and competitive advantage in the natural environment (Krausfeldt et al, 2019).…”