Cerium and Cerium Compounds

Abstract

Cerium is the most abundant member of the lanthanide series, those elements having 4 f electrons. It is found in nature in the presence of other lanthanides and this mix is often used commercially as a cerium source without separation. Mischmetal, a metallic mix of cerium and other of the lighter lanthanides, is used in the steel industry, in lighter flints, and as getters. Lanthanide concentrate, an oxide mix that includes cerium oxide, is used in some fluid cracking catalysts. Cerium is unique within the lanthanide series because it has two stable oxidation states. Many of the uses of cerium and cerium compounds center around the redox chemistry of the Ce(IV)/Ce(III) couple. Cerium oxide acts as a stabilizer improving oxidation resistance for alloy systems, polymers, and automotive catalytic converter catalysts. Cerium compounds are present in optical coatings, in phosphors for cathode ray tubes, and in paints.

Role of Nao-ceria in the amelioration of oxidative stress: Current and future applications in medicine

“…The cerium is the most important element of Lanthanide series and 26 th most abundant rare earth element forming 66 parts per million in the earth's crust ( Hu et al, 2006) with unique magnetic, electronic and catalytic properties (Hu et al, 2006;Bouzigues et al, 2011). It is ductile, malleable, irongray (O'Niel, 2001) and very strong oxidizing agent (Kilbourn, 2003). Cerium oxide is the most important compound in the form of heavy powder having paleyellow or brown color high melting point 2400 °C and density 7.65 g/cm 3 .…”

“…Chemically it is prepared by the reaction of CF3 with excess supply of calcium at 900 °C (O'Niel, 2001). It can also be prepared by cerium chloride and fluoride during the fused-salt electrolysis (Kilbourn, 2003). Nano-cerium is produced through aqueous precipitation (Sreeremya et al, 2012), sol-gel, thermal decomposition (Lin et al, 2010), hydrothermal (Yu et al, 2004), solvothermal oxidation flame spray (Madler et al, 2002), reversed micelles, aqueous precipitation and microwave assisted solvothermal process (Sreeremya et al, 2012).…”

“…Baker et al (2013) also reported the radio-protective role in the various types of the cells of rat model. (O'Niel, 2001;Kilbourn, 2003;Limbach, et al, 2008) Glass constituent to prevent solarization and discoloration. (Kilbourn, 2003)…”

Ultrapotassic mafic dikes and rare earth element- and barium-rich carbonatite at Mountain Pass, Mojave Desert, southern California: Summary and field trip localities

“…Cerium is unique among the REE in that both of its oxidation states are readily accessible in aqueous solution. Several specialized applications of Ce, notably polishing of glass, exploit this property (Kilbourn, 1992(Kilbourn, , 1993b.…”

Realistic Exposure Methods for Investigating the Interaction of Nanoparticles with the Lung at the Air-Liquid Interface In Vitro

“…Recent studies performed using this exposure system have shown that altered cellular responses can be associated with the intracellular accumulation of CeO 2 NPs in lung cells in vitro over time (28,47). CeO 2 was specifically chosen as it is a representative industrial particle, due to its wide use as pigment and polishing agents, as well as a fuel catalyst (48,49). Additionally, recent studies have reported that cerium-containing particles were found in the lungs of workers who were exposed to CeO 2 aerosols at their workplaces (50,51,52,53,54).…”