Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers for Early and Differential Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease

Evaluating joint confidence region of hypervolume under ROC manifold and generalized Youden index

“…Researchers have observed that A𝛽 1-42 decreases while T-tau and P-tau 181 increase in the CSF of individuals with AD. 39 Additionally, blood-based biomarkers, such as "plasma amyloid 𝛽 peptides," have been studied as a screening method to identify individuals at risk of dementia, since they are less invasive and cost-effective. 40 Studies have shown that a lower A𝛽42∕A𝛽40 ratio (A𝛽42∕40) in plasma indicates higher risk of dementia.…”

“…Three core cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers have been incorporated into research diagnostic criteria for AD, namely the “42 amino acid long amyloid‐beta peptide” (A$$$ {\beta}_{1-42} $$$), “total tau protein” (T‐tau), and “tau phosphorylated at threonine 181” (P‐tau$$$ {}_{181} $$$). Researchers have observed that A$$$ {\beta}_{1\hbox{-} 42} $$$ decreases while T‐tau and P‐tau$$$ {}_{181} $$$ increase in the CSF of individuals with AD 39 . Additionally, blood‐based biomarkers, such as “plasma amyloid $$$ \beta $$$ peptides,” have been studied as a screening method to identify individuals at risk of dementia, since they are less invasive and cost‐effective 40 .…”