Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis in Multiple Sclerosis

Luque, Francisco A.; Jaffe, Stephen L.

doi:10.1016/s0074-7742(07)79015-3

Cited by 33 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 62 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…In the United States, MS affects greater than 350,000 people with a prevalence rate of 85/100,000 persons and a ratio of women to men of 2.6:1 [4]. Although the precise etiology of MS is unknown, MS has been thought to be an immune-mediated disease, in which autoimmune responses against myelin antigens lead to production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and upregulation of adhesion molecules, contributing to the pathogenesis of MS [5–9]. The autoimmune etiology of MS has been supported by an animal model for MS, experimental autoimmune (allergic) encephalomyelitis (EAE) [10].…”

Section: Introduction; Anti-myelin Autoimmunity In Multiple Sclerosismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since antibodies against myelin-specific antigens as well as autoreactive T cells have also been identified in MS patients [5,24], CNS lesions in MS have been hypothesized to be induced by autoimmune responses against myelin sheaths as shown in EAE. In this theory, the primary target in MS is myelin itself (myelinopathy) or the oligodendrocytes (oligodendrogliopathy).…”

Section: Introduction; Anti-myelin Autoimmunity In Multiple Sclerosismentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Theiler's virus infection: Pathophysiology of demyelination and neurodegeneration

et al. 2011

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Multiple sclerosis (MS) has been suggested to be an autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS), whose primary target is either myelin itself, or myelin-forming cells, the oligodendrocytes. Although axonal damage occurs in MS, it is regarded as a secondary event to the myelin damage. Here, the lesion develops from the myelin (outside) to the axons (inside) "Outside-In model". The Outside-In model has been supported by an autoimmune model for MS, experimental autoimmune (allergic) encephalomyelitis (EAE). However, recently, 1) EAE-like disease has also been shown to be induced by immune responses against axons, and 2) immune responses against axons and neurons as well as neurodegeneration independent of inflammatory demyelination have been reported in MS, which can not be explained by the Outside-In model. Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV)-induced demyelinating disease (TMEV-IDD) is a viral model for MS. In TMEV infection, axonal injury precedes demyelination, where the lesion develops from the axons (inside) to the myelin (outside) "InsideOut model". The initial axonal damage could result in the release of neuroantigens, inducing autoimmune responses against myelin antigens, which potentially attack the myelin from outside the nerve fiber. Thus, the Inside-Out and Outside-In models can make a "vicious" immunological cycle or initiate an immune cascade.

show abstract

Section: Introduction; Anti-myelin Autoimmunity In Multiple Sclerosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introduction; Anti-myelin Autoimmunity In Multiple Sclerosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Theiler's virus infection: Pathophysiology of demyelination and neurodegeneration

et al. 2011

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Evoked potentials aid the confirmation of clinically silent lesion sites (subclinical lesions). CSF is analysed for protein and glucose, lactate, myelin basic protein, CSF/serum albumin ratio, immunoglobulin-gamma (IgG), immunoglobulin-M (IgM), kappa light chains and oligoclonal IgG bands (Luque and Jaffe, 2007). Diagnostic criterion include positive brain MRI (9 lesions or 4 lesions with a positive VEP response), positive spinal cord MRI (two focal lesions), or positive CSF (Polman et al, 2011).…”

Section: Diagnosis and Chronic Consequences Of Msmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms and Pharmacology of Neuropathic Pain in Multiple Sclerosis

Iannitti

Kerr

Taylor

2014

Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The neuropathic pain of multiple sclerosis is quite prevalent and severely impacts quality of life. A few randomized, placebo-controlled, blinded clinical trials suggest that cannabis- and anticonvulsant-based treatments provide partial pain relief, but at the expense of adverse events. An even smaller, but emerging, number of translational studies are using rodent models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), which exhibit pain-like behaviors resembling those of MS patients. These studies not only support the possible effectiveness of anticonvulsants, but also compel further clinical trials with serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, the immunosuppressant drug rapamycin, or drugs which interfere with glutamatergic neurotransmission. Future behavioral studies in EAE models are essential towards a new pharmacotherapy of multiple sclerosis pain.

show abstract

“…These Ig bands (also referred to as oligoclonal bands) are present mainly in the CSF and absent in the serum. Oligoclonal bands are seen in 95% of patients with MS.[41] In addition, there is increased synthesis of Ig (elevated IgG index) suggesting an amplified production of Ig within the CNS compartment.…”

Section: Biochemical Evidence For Infectious Etiology Of Msmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of infections in the pathogenesis and course of multiple sclerosis

Pawate

Subramaniam

2010

Ann Indian Acad Neurol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Interplay between susceptibility genes and environmental factors is considered important player in the genesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Among environmental factors, a role for an infectious pathogen has long been considered central to the disease process. This opinion has support both from epidemiological data and the findings of immunological abnormalities in spinal fluid that reflect an immune response to an as yet undetermined antigen, possibly a pathogen, in the cerebrospinal fluid. Our review will outline the current understanding of the role of infection in the causation and progression of MS. We will review the data that point to an infectious cause of MS and consider the specific agents Chlamydophila (Chlamydia) pneumoniae, Human Herpes Virus 6, and Epstein-Barr Virus, that are implicated in either the development or progression of MS.

show abstract

Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis in Multiple Sclerosis

Cited by 33 publications

References 62 publications

Theiler's virus infection: Pathophysiology of demyelination and neurodegeneration

Theiler's virus infection: Pathophysiology of demyelination and neurodegeneration

Mechanisms and Pharmacology of Neuropathic Pain in Multiple Sclerosis

The role of infections in the pathogenesis and course of multiple sclerosis

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About