“…Endogenous opioids may play a role in the cardiocirculatory response to TBI and hemorrhage. A number of investigations since the 1980s have defined the role of endogenous opioids in contributing to hemodynamic compromise during HS, and many found that opiate antagonist agents could improve hemodynamics and outcome in a variety of shock models (Curtis and Lefer, 1980;Gurll et al, 1981Gurll et al, , 1982Komjati et al, 1997;Lightfoot et al, 2000;McIntosh et al, 1985McIntosh et al, , 1986Reynolds et al, 1989;Salerno et al, 1981;Wichmann et al, 2000). Similar findings have been described with brain injury models.…”