“…Conscious deceptions that improve performance include using the Ramachandran mirror to observe the non-fatigued arm when working with the opposite arm (Tanaka et al, 2011), listening to music (Barwood et al, 2009; Lim et al, 2009; Schneider et al, 2010), the provision of inaccurate information provided by a clock that runs slowly (Morton, 2009) or of the actual distance to be covered (Paterson and Marino, 2004), or of the pace of a prior performance that had been deceptively increased by 2% (Stone et al, 2012), or of the true environmental conditions in which the exercise is being performed and the athlete’s real core body temperature response (Castle et al, 2012). Factors that influence performance and which are likely sensed subconsciously include the degree of arterial (Noakes and Marino, 2007) or cerebral oxygenation (Nybo and Rasmussen, 2007; Rupp and Perrey, 2008, 2009; Johnson et al, 2009; Seifert et al, 2009; Billaut et al, 2010; Rasmussen et al, 2010a,b), the size of the muscle glycogen stores (Rauch et al, 2005; Lima-Silva et al, 2010), the extent of fluid loss or thirst (Edwards et al, 2007; Edwards and Noakes, 2009), and variables relating to the rate of heat accumulation (Marino et al, 2000; Tucker et al, 2004, 2006c; Morante and Brotherhood, 2008; Altareki et al, 2009; Flouris and Cheung, 2009; Schlader et al, 2011). A variety of cooling techniques including to the lower body (Castle et al, 2006; Duffield et al, 2010), the upper body (Arngrimsson et al, 2004), the neck (Tyler et al, 2010; Tyler and Sunderland, 2011a,b), or palms (Kwon et al, 2010) all improve performance presumably by altering the nature of the sensory feedback to the control regions in the brain.…”