Cerebral microvascular pericytes and neurogliovascular signaling in health and disease

Dalkara, Turgay; Alarcón-Martínez, Luis

doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2015.03.047

Cited by 114 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 157 publications

(215 reference statements)

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“…Several studies have implicated an important role of pericytes in the regulation of cerebral microcirculation but the issue is controversial (32,56). We have observed that pericytes often have very large mitochondria relative to their size or compared to adjacent endothelium (Fig.…”

Section: Mitochondrial Morphologymentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Similar functional arrangements, but with different vascular and tissue characteristics, occur in other regional circulations. Many excellent reviews have discussed various influences on the regulation of the cerebral vasculature (11,13,19,32,45,(54)(55)(56)(57)76,77,80). Unique aspects of the cerebral circulation include an important role of large arteries in altering vascular resistance, extensive perivascular innervation, and restricted permeability across the cerebral vascular endothelium.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Role of Mitochondria in Cerebral Vascular Function: Energy Production, Cellular Protection, and Regulation of Vascular Tone

Busija

Rutkai

Dutta

et al. 2016

Comprehensive Physiology

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Mitochondria not only produce energy in the form of ATP to support the activities of cells comprising the neurovascular unit, but mitochondrial events, such as depolarization and/or ROS release, also initiate signaling events which protect the endothelium and neurons against lethal stresses via pre-/postconditioning as well as promote changes in cerebral vascular tone. Mitochondrial depolarization in vascular smooth muscle (VSM), via pharmacological activation of the ATP-dependent potassium channels on the inner mitochondrial membrane (mitoKATP channels), leads to vasorelaxation through generation of calcium sparks by the sarcoplasmic reticulum and subsequent downstream signaling mechanisms. Increased release of ROS by mitochondria has similar effects. Relaxation of VSM can also be indirectly achieved via actions of nitric oxide (NO) and other vasoactive agents produced by endothelium, perivascular and parenchymal nerves, and astroglia following mitochondrial activation. Additionally, NO production following mitochondrial activation is involved in neuronal preconditioning. Cerebral arteries from female rats have greater mitochondrial mass and respiration and enhanced cerebral arterial dilation to mitochondrial activators. Preexisting chronic conditions such as insulin resistance and/or diabetes impair mitoKATP channel relaxation of cerebral arteries and preconditioning. Surprisingly, mitoKATP channel function after transient ischemia appears to be retained in the endothelium of large cerebral arteries despite generalized cerebral vascular dysfunction. Thus, mitochondrial mechanisms may represent the elusive signaling link between metabolic rate and blood flow as well as mediators of vascular change according to physiological status. Mitochondrial mechanisms are an important, but underutilized target for improving vascular function and decreasing brain injury in stroke patients. © 2016 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 6:1529-1548, 2016.

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Section: Mitochondrial Morphologymentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Mitochondria in Cerebral Vascular Function: Energy Production, Cellular Protection, and Regulation of Vascular Tone

Busija

Rutkai

Dutta

et al. 2016

Comprehensive Physiology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The cerebral rSO 2 values were significantly lesser than those of the skeletal muscles. We speculate that the discrepancy of rSO 2 values between brain and hind leg in the conscious condition results were because (1) brain oxygen consumption would be maintained at a higher level compared with other parts of the body because neuronal activity and metabolism strictly govern the cerebral microcirculation through the neurovascular unit and autoregulation mechanisms, 11,12 and (2) the oxygen demand of skeletal muscles would be less because the hind leg was in a resting condition. Through this study, we could exhibit obvious heterogeneity of oxygenation levels among organs in conscious dogs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…1,3 Neuronal cells, astrocytes, pericytes, and capillary endothelial cells in the central nervous system constitute a neurovascular unit. 11 Neuronal activity and metabolism are closely related to regulation of the cerebral microcirculation, indicating that brain autoregulation mechanisms play significant roles in maintaining vital functions of the central nervous system. 12 Recently, Kanayama and Niwayama 13 developed an extremely small and mobile NIRS (Toccare, an examiner's finger-mounted type) that is suitable for human fetuses and neonates, and they were able to noninvasively measure fetal cerebral tissue oxygenation levels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examiner’s finger-mounted near-infrared spectroscopy is feasible to analyze cerebral and skeletal muscle oxygenation in conscious Chihuahuas

Hiwatashi

Doi²,

Mizuno

et al. 2017

J. Biomed. Opt

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, "Examiner's finger-mounted nearinfrared spectroscopy is feasible to analyze cerebral and skeletal muscle oxygenation in conscious Chihuahuas," J. Biomed. Opt. 22(2), 026006 (2017), doi: 10.1117/1.JBO.22.2.026006. Abstract. To measure regional saturation of oxygen (rSO 2 ) of hemoglobin and total hemoglobin index (HbI) in the brain (through the molera of the head) and skeletal muscle (musculus gracilis) of conscious Chihuahua dogs using an examiner's finger-mounted near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) device, Toccare, we investigated brain and skeletal muscle NIRS in 48 Chihuahuas without severe disease. To measure rSO 2 and total HbI, a Toccare probe was placed on the molera of the head and musculus gracilis of each dog for real-time recording. Stable NIRS values were obtained within 10 s. We also examined the effect of anesthesia on rSO 2 and total HbI of a Chihuahua. Cerebral rSO 2 values (59% AE 7%) were significantly lower than those obtained at femoral regions (67% AE 6%), whereas total HbI values in the brain (0.38 AE 0.09) were significantly higher than those of the musculus gracilis (0.20 AE 0.05). Sedation with a combination of medetomidine and ketamine decreased cerebral rSO 2 along with a corresponding reduction in heart rate. Sevoflurane anesthesia with 100% O 2 maintained rSO 2 in the brain with an even lower heart rate. In conclusions, we measured brain and skeletal muscle rSO 2 of hemoglobin in conscious Chihuahuas using a newly developed NIRS device, Toccare, and found that changes in cerebral oxygenation levels were associated with administration of anesthetics. © The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Distribution or reproduction of this work in whole or in part requires full attribution of the original publication, including its DOI.

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“…The global architecture of blood supply to the brain consists of a planar mesh of pial arteries and veins branching and diving into the cortex, to supply and drain blood [1][2][3] in support of metabolic needs. A thorough understanding of the dynamics of oxygen supply and consumption in the cerebral cortex is important not only because neuronal activity relies on oxygen availability but also because a large number of functional imaging techniques (e.g., functional magnetic resonance 4 and optical imaging of intrinsic signal 5,6 ) rely on the changes in blood oxygenation to image brain function.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial landscape of oxygen in and around microvasculature during epileptic events

2017

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Abstract. Measuring changes in cerebral oxygen in tissue microdomains during epilepsy is important to identify hypoxic potential. Here, using a custom-built two-photon microscopy system, we present microscopic measurements of oxygen partial pressure (PO 2 ) in cortical microvessels and tissue of anesthetized mice during 4-aminopyridine (4-AP)-induced epileptic seizures. Investigating epileptic events, we characterized the distribution of the "initial dip" in PO 2 in arterioles, venules, and tissue near the 4-AP injection site. Our results reveal a correlation between the percent change in PO 2 during the "initial dip" and the diameter of nearest arterioles and venules.

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Cerebral microvascular pericytes and neurogliovascular signaling in health and disease

Cited by 114 publications

References 157 publications

Role of Mitochondria in Cerebral Vascular Function: Energy Production, Cellular Protection, and Regulation of Vascular Tone

Role of Mitochondria in Cerebral Vascular Function: Energy Production, Cellular Protection, and Regulation of Vascular Tone

Examiner’s finger-mounted near-infrared spectroscopy is feasible to analyze cerebral and skeletal muscle oxygenation in conscious Chihuahuas

Spatial landscape of oxygen in and around microvasculature during epileptic events

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