Cerebral ischemia and neuroregeneration

Abstract

Cerebral ischemia is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although stroke (a form of cerebral ischemia)-related costs are expected to reach 240.67 billion dollars by 2030, options for treatment against cerebral ischemia/stroke are limited. All therapies except anti-thrombolytics (i.e., tissue plasminogen activator) and hypothermia have failed to reduce neuronal injury, neurological deficits, and mortality rates following cerebral ischemia, which suggests that development of novel therapies against stroke/cerebral ischemia are urgently needed. Here, we discuss the possible mechanism(s) underlying cerebral ischemia-induced brain injury, as well as current and future novel therapies (i.e., growth factors, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, melatonin, resveratrol, protein kinase C isozymes, pifithrin, hypothermia, fatty acids, sympathoplegic drugs, and stem cells) as it relates to cerebral ischemia.

Metabolome Changes in Cerebral Ischemia

“…Cerebral ischemia is the fifth leading cause of death and disability impacting one million Americans every year [1]. It is caused by blockage of a blood vessel due to a thrombus or embolus [2]. During cerebral ischemia, part of the brain lacks oxygen and nutrients, becoming severely damaged through induction of metabolic and cellular disturbances.…”

Effects of rhodioloside on the neurological functions of rats with total cerebral ischemia/reperfusion and cone neuron injury in the hippocampal CA1 region

“…Cerebral ischemia is a common factor of cerebral apoplexy. It makes multiple neuronal genes express abnormally, changes functional metabolism, and induces irreversible and intensive injury of cerebral functions in multiple pathological and physiological processes ( Lee et al, 2018 ). Apoptosis is one of classical neuron pathways ( Yuan & Yankner, 2000 ), therefore, studying the apoptosis-based mechanism of cerebral ischemic injury is vital.…”

The Role of Natural Compounds and their Nanocarriers in the Treatment of CNS Inflammation

“…Cerebral ischemic diseases, such as stroke, mainly induce the breakdown of the BBB and neurovascular damages as well as a lack of oxygen and nutrient supply in the brain [ 30 , 50 ]. Thus, BBB disruption, the subsequent infiltration of various pro-inflammatory mediators and immune cells, and hypoxia-induced ROS and NO production are involved in neuroinflammation processes on cerebral ischemic diseases [ 50 , 51 ]. In the case of traumatic CNS injuries, patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) or spinal cord injury (SCI) experience loss of cognitive, sensory, and motor functions as well as chronic, long-lasting paralysis [ 52 ].…”